Table 2.
Sample characteristics, by diabetes and hypertension control status, Philadelphia, PA, 2016.
| Diabetes control |
Hypertension control |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristica | HbA1c > 9 |
No HbA1c value in past year |
Total poor diabetes control |
Controlled diabetes |
Poor hypertension control |
Controlled hypertension |
||
| N (%) or mean (SD) | N (%) or mean (SD) | N (%) or mean (SD) | N (%) or mean (SD) | pb | N (%) or mean (SD) | N (%) or mean (SD) | pb | |
| Total | 265 (25%) | 114 (11%) | 379 (36%) | 682 (64%) | – | 1239 (47%) | 1394 (53%) | – |
| Individual characteristics | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 47.1 (12.5) | 47.1 (13.9) | 47.1 (12.9) | 51.4 (11.6) | <0.001 | 48.4 (12.5) | 49.0 (13.2) | 0.24 |
| Female | 168 (63%) | 85 (75%) | 253 (67%) | 463 (68%) | 0.71 | 824 (67%) | 986 (71%) | 0.02 |
| Insurance status | 0.09 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Medicaid | 142 (54%) | 62 (54%) | 204 (54%) | 373 (55%) | 661 (53%) | 773 (55%) | ||
| Medicare | 45 (17%) | 28 (25%) | 73 (19%) | 166 (24%) | 225 (18%) | 293 (21%) | ||
| Private insurance | 54 (20%) | 15 (13%) | 69 (18%) | 95 (14%) | 223 (18%) | 248 (18%) | ||
| Uninsured | 24 (9%) | 9 (8%) | 33 (9%) | 48 (7%) | 130 (10%) | 80 (6%) | ||
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status | ||||||||
| Deprivation score | 0.22 (0.74) | 0.17 (0.73) | 0.20 (0.74) | 0.22 (0.70) | 0.64 | 0.26 (0.63) | 0.18 (0.73) | 0.005 |
| Percent poverty | 33.5 (11.4) | 33.8 (10.2) | 33.5 (11.0) | 33.0 (10.8) | 0.45 | 33.0 (10.6) | 33.0 (10.9) | 0.86 |
| Percent bachelor's degree | 16.1 (13.0) | 15.6 (12.3) | 15.9 (12.8) | 15.6 (11.9) | 0.72 | 14.9 (10.8) | 16.0 (12.3) | 0.01 |
| Neighborhood social environment | ||||||||
| Violent crime ratec | 349 (165) | 363 (164) | 353 (165) | 354 (162) | 0.94 | 348 (147) | 352 (163) | 0.45 |
| Perceived safety | 0.81 (0.09) | 0.80 (0.11) | 0.81 (0.10) | 0.81 (0.09) | 0.61 | 0.81 (0.08) | 0.81 (0.09) | 0.22 |
| Social capital | 1.74 (0.19) | 1.73 (0.18) | 1.74 (0.19) | 1.74 (0.19) | 0.85 | 1.74 (0.20) | 1.74 (0.19) | 0.42 |
| High segregationd | 171 (65%) | 73 (64%) | 244 (64%) | 394 (58%) | 0.04 | 819 (66%) | 795 (57%) | <0.001 |
| Neighborhood walkability | ||||||||
| Percent retail land use | 4.47 (3.90) | 4.97 (4.31) | 4.61 (4.03) | 5.25 (4.29) | 0.02 | 4.73 (4.08) | 4.99 (4.32) | 0.11 |
| Intersection density | 107.6 (38.5) | 115.4 (45.4) | 110.0 (40.8) | 108.6 (41.3) | 0.59 | 108.8 (39.1) | 110.4 (41.2) | 0.30 |
a
N (%) for total, gender, insurance status, and neighborhood high segregation. Mean (SD) for all other characteristics.
b
P-value from chi-square test for categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. P-value for diabetes control is for test of total uncontrolled vs. total controlled.
c
Per 10,000 population.
d
Getis-Ord Gi⁎ z-score ≥ 1.96 for African American population.