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. 2019 Jul 24;9:10731. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-46917-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proliferation of urothelial cells and cholangiocytes in response to schistosome eggs, monitored in real time using the xCELLigence system. Non-contact co-culture of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium eggs with HCV29 cells (Panel A) or H69 cells (Panel B) over time after the addition of the eggs. Cell growth is expressed as percentage of the Normalized Cell Index of cells co-cultured with eggs compared with control cells (control cell growth rate = 100%). All curves represent the averages of at least three technical replicates for the experiment and standard deviations are shown as error bars at each data point. Blue and red asterisks indicate levels of significance (P ≤ 0.01) of growth ratios of cells cultured with S. mansoni and S. haematobium eggs, compared to control cells cultured in the absence of eggs, respectively. Sm live: S. mansoni live eggs; Sm heat-killed: heat-killed S. mansoni eggs; Sh live: S. haematobium live eggs; Sh heat-killed: heat-killed S. haematobium eggs.