Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population at baseline according to the baseline levels of fasting glucose (n = 9930).
| Fasting glucose categories (mg/dl) |
P value | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <60 | 60–69 | 70–79 | 80–89 | 90–99 | 100–109 | 110–125 | ≥126 | ||
| n | 351 | 1486 | 3229 | 2903 | 1151 | 397 | 212 | 201 | |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | 44.3 ± 5.9 | 44.2 ± 6.0 | 45.3 ± 6.0 | 46.3 ± 6.0 | 46.9 ± 5.8 | 47.4 ± 6.0 | 47.8 ± 5.8 | 48.6 ± 5.9 | <0.0001 |
| Female, n (%) | 186 (53.0) | 746 (50.2) | 1597 (49.5) | 1423 (49.0) | 608 (52.8) | 226 (56.9) | 130 (61.3) | 112 (55.7) | 0.0005 |
| Urban, n (%) | 136 (38.7) | 697 (46.9) | 1777 (55.0) | 1777 (61.2) | 701 (60.9) | 219 (55.2) | 112 (52.8) | 111 (55.2) | <0.0001 |
| Northern, n (%) | 144 (41.0) | 651 (43.8) | 1656 (51.3) | 1643 (56.6) | 728 (63.2) | 287 (72.3) | 164 (77.4) | 174 (86.6) | <0.0001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 173 (49.3) | 751 (50.5) | 1556 (48.2) | 1313 (45.2) | 507 (44.0) | 193 (48.6) | 97 (45.8) | 97 (48.3) | 0.0110 |
| Alcohol drinker, n (%) | 96 (27.4) | 384 (25.8) | 790 (24.5) | 702 (24.2) | 301 (26.2) | 94 (23.7) | 43 (20.3) | 44 (21.9) | 0.3807 |
| Type of work, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Mental | 22 (6.3) | 76 (5.1) | 273 (8.5) | 260 (9.0) | 104 (9.0) | 32 (8.1) | 18 (8.5) | 9 (4.5) | |
| Light manual | 107 (30.5) | 504 (33.9) | 1269 (39.3) | 1365 (47.0) | 563 (48.9) | 204 (51.4) | 119 (56.1) | 119 (59.2) | |
| Heavy manual | 222 (63.2) | 906 (61.0) | 1687 (52.2) | 1278 (44.0) | 484 (42.1) | 161 (40.6) | 75 (35.4) | 73 (36.3) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Illiteracy | 87 (24.8) | 335 (22.5) | 713 (22.1) | 680 (23.4) | 276 (24.0) | 113 (28.5) | 63 (29.7) | 67 (33.3) | |
| Primary school | 164 (46.7) | 699 (47.0) | 1468 (45.5) | 1311 (45.2) | 559 (48.6) | 190 (47.9) | 113 (53.3) | 96 (47.8) | |
| Junior middle school | 75 (21.4) | 315 (21.2) | 658 (20.4) | 570 (19.6) | 197 (17.1) | 68 (17.1) | 28 (13.2) | 27 (13.4) | |
| High school | 23 (6.6) | 119 (8.0) | 310 (9.6) | 265 (9.1) | 85 (7.4) | 23 (5.8) | 5 (2.4) | 8 (4.0) | |
| At least some college | 2 (0.6) | 18 (1.2) | 80 (2.5) | 77 (2.7) | 34 (3.0) | 3 (0.8) | 3 (1.4) | 3 (1.5) | |
| Exercise, n (%) | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Never | 315 (89.7) | 1278 (86.0) | 2712 (84.0) | 2364 (81.4) | 943 (81.9) | 325 (81.9) | 180 (84.9) | 167 (83.1) | |
| Occasionally | 19 (5.4) | 102 (6.9) | 216 (6.7) | 243 (8.4) | 78 (6.8) | 36 (9.1) | 8 (3.8) | 18 (9.0) | |
| Regular | 17 (4.8) | 106 (7.1) | 301 (9.3) | 296 (10.2) | 130 (11.3) | 36 (9.1) | 24 (11.3) | 16 (8.0) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 20.8 ± 2.9 | 21.2 ± 3.0 | 21.6 ± 3.2 | 22.2 ± 3.3 | 22.9 ± 3.6 | 23.4 ± 3.8 | 23.9 ± 4.0 | 23.9 ± 3.6 | <0.0001 |
| SBP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 114.7 ± 17.0 | 115.2 ± 17.6 | 117.7 ± 18.2 | 120.4 ± 18.7 | 123.5 ± 20.0 | 123.9 ± 20.4 | 128.4 ± 22.4 | 127.6 ± 22.0 | <0.0001 |
| DBP, mmHg, mean ± SD | 74.8 ± 11.5 | 75.0 ± 11.3 | 76.1 ± 11.2 | 77.6 ± 11.4 | 79.4 ± 11.7 | 79.0 ± 12.1 | 80.0 ± 13.3 | 80.5 ± 12.4 | <0.0001 |
| TC, mmol/L, mean ± SD | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.8 ± 1.0 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | <0.0001 |
BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TC: total cholesterol; SD: standard deviation.