Table 1.
Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in different handgrip strength tertiles (n = 7752).
| Characteristics | Handgrip strength |
Statistic values | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (n = 2611) | Moderate (n = 2575) | High (n = 2566) | |||
| Age, years | 59.6 ± 11.7 | 59.2 ± 11.3 | 58.8 ± 11.1 | 3.357a | 0.035 |
| Age groups, n (%) | |||||
| 18–49 years | 526 (20.1) | 552 (21.4) | 591 (23.0) | 27.499b | 0.015 |
| 50–59 years | 689 (26.4) | 699 (27.1) | 667 (26.0) | ||
| 60–69 years | 909 (34.8) | 898 (34.9) | 955 (37.2) | ||
| 70 years or above | 487 (18.7) | 426 (16.5) | 353 (13.8) | ||
| Gender, n (%) | |||||
| Men | 1003 (38.4) | 994 (38.6) | 987 (38.5) | 0.021b | 0.990 |
| Women | 1608 (61.6) | 1581 (61.4) | 1579 (61.5) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
| Single | 76 (2.9) | 43 (1.7) | 23 (0.9) | 32.920b | <0.001 |
| Married | 2192 (84.0) | 2207 (85.7) | 2241 (87.3) | ||
| Deceased/divorced | 343 (13.1) | 325 (12.6) | 302 (11.8) | ||
| Educational level, n (%) | |||||
| Illiterate | 898 (34.4) | 716 (27.8) | 670 (26.1) | 69.367b | <0.001 |
| Primary | 824 (31.6) | 806 (31.3) | 773 (30.1) | ||
| Middle | 674 (25.8) | 787 (30.6) | 821 (32.0) | ||
| High school and above | 215 (8.2) | 266 (10.3) | 302 (11.8) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Non-Smoking | 2073 (79.4) | 1961 (76.2) | 1973 (76.9) | 8.590b | 0.014 |
| Smoking | 538 (20.6) | 614 (23.8) | 593 (23.1) | ||
| Drinking, n (%) | |||||
| Non-Drinking | 1935 (74.1) | 1863 (72.3) | 1753 (68.3) | 22.407b | <0.001 |
| Drinking | 676 (25.9) | 712 (27.7) | 813 (31.7) | ||
| BMI, n (%) | |||||
| Non-obese | 1508 (57.8) | 1444 (56.1) | 1172 (45.7) | 88.701b | <0.001 |
| Obese | 1103 (42.2) | 1131 (43.9) | 1394 (54.3) | ||
| Physical activity level, n (%) | |||||
| Low | 1101 (35.7) | 721 (32.4) | 789 (32.3) | 14.330b | 0.006 |
| Moderate | 1012 (32.8) | 718 (32.3) | 845 (34.6) | ||
| High | 970 (31.5) | 787 (35.4) | 809 (33.1) | ||
| Cholesterol level, mmol/L | |||||
| HDL-C | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 11.500a | 0.414 |
| LDL-C | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.77 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 13.439a | 0.157 |
| TC | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 0.9 | 9.268a | 0.229 |
| TG | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.5 | 6.909a | 0.008 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 6.1 ± 1.8 | 2.454a | 0.100 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | |||||
| No | 1104 (42.3) | 1112 (43.2) | 1018 (39.7) | 4.369b | 0.030 |
| Yes | 1507 (57.7) | 1463 (56.8) | 1548 (60.3) | ||
Data are presented as mean ± SD or count (%). BMI: body mass index; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.
aF value. b χ2 value.