Table 1.
Characteristics of participants
| Overall (n = 2830) | Female (1571) | Male (1259) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 71.5 ± 6.2 | 71.7 ± 6.4 | 71.3 ± 6.1 | 0.17 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 1862 (65.84) | 1031 (65.63) | 831 (66.00) | 0.83 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 650 (22.97) | 361 (22.98) | 289 (22.95) | 0.99 |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | 722 (25.53) | 34 (2.16) | 688 (54.73) | < 0.001 |
| Bachelor degree, n (%) | 517 (18.27) | 202 (12.86) | 315 (25.02) | < 0.001 |
| Daily drinkers, n (%) | 432 (15.27) | 0(0) | 432 (34.31) | < 0.001 |
| Moderate drinking, n | 289 | 0 | 289 | – |
| Excessive drinking, n | 143 | 0 | 143 | – |
| Family history of premature CVD, n (%) | 617 (21.92) | 378 (24.22) | 239 (19.06) | 0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 135.1 ± 17.4 | 135.3 ± 18.2 | 134.8 ± 16.3 | 0.42 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.4 ± 9.6 | 77.4 ± 9.4 | 79.6 ± 9.6 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.65 ± 9.88 | 85.40 ± 10.06 | 88.21 ± 9.43 | < 0.001 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 96.78 ± 7.30 | 96.69 ± 7.61 | 96.89 ± 6.90 | 0.46 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.6 | 24.0 ± 3.9 | 24.0 ± 3.3 | 0.59 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 103.5 ± 32.0 | 102.9 ± 30.6 | 104.1 ± 33.8 | 0.36 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.2 ± 38.0 | 195.8 ± 36.7 | 176.6 ± 36.9 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 51.45 ± 13.46 | 54.54 ± 13.41 | 47.58 ± 12.48 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 114.9 ± 32.5 | 119.8 ± 32.5 | 108.8 ± 31.4 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 143.8 ± 93.6 | 148.6 ± 95.2 | 137.7 ± 91.2 | 0.002 |
| Antihypertension agents, n (%) | 1439 (50.85) | 798 (50.80) | 641 (50.91) | 0.95 |
| Hypoglycemic agents, n (%) | 464 (16.40) | 254 (16.17) | 210 (16.68) | 0.71 |
| Insulin therapy, n (%) | 99 (3.50) | 55 (3.50) | 44 (3.49) | 0.99 |
| Statin therapy, n (%) | 485 (17.14) | 287 (18.27) | 198 (15.73) | 0.07 |
| Carotid plaque, n (%) | 1785 (63.10) | 944 (60.09) | 842 (66.88) | < 0.001 |
| ABI < 0.9, n (%) | 413 (14.59) | 202 (12.86) | 211 (16.76) | 0.004 |
| CMT (mm) | 0.64 ± 0.16 | 0.62 ± 0.15 | 0.66 ± 0.17 | < 0.001 |
| cf-PWV (m/s) | 9.49 ± 2.31 | 9.53 ± 2.26 | 9.43 ± 2.37 | 0.24 |
| ba-PWV (cm/s) | 1871.9 ± 427.1 | 1907.4 ± 453.2 | 1827.5 ± 387.7 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 71.2 ± 12.1 | 73.9 ± 12.4 | 67.8 ± 10.8 | < 0.001 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 65.3 ± 153.5 | 69.1 ± 182.3 | 60.6 ± 107.6 | 0.13 |
| TyG index | 8.75 ± 0.57 | 8.78 ± 0.57 | 8.71 ± 0.57 | < 0.001 |
Quantitative variables are shown as mean ± SD, and qualitative parameters are presented as numbers with the percentage in parentheses
CVD cardiovascular disease, WC waist circumference, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BMI body mass index, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ABI ankle–brachial index, CMT carotid intima–media thickness, cf-PWV carotid to femoral aortic pulse wave velocity, ba-PWV brachial to ankle pulse wave velocity, ABI ankle brachial index, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, UACR urine albumin to creatinine ratio, TyG triglyceride glucose