Table 1.

Current guideline recommendations regarding endoscopic surveillance.

Guideline	Examination method	Biopsy protocol	Follow-up intervals
ESGE: Advanced imaging for detection and differentiation of colorectal neoplasia: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline – (March 2014)32	0.1–0.5% indigo carmine pan-colonic chromoendoscopy	Targeted biopsies	N/A
BSG guidelines for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance in moderate and high risk groups (last update 2010)33	Pan-colonic dye spraying	Targeted biopsy of abnormal areas is recommended 2–4 random biopsies from every 10 cm of the colorectum also accepted	Screening colonoscopy at 10 years - Lower risk 5 years - Intermediate risk 3 years - Higher risk 1 year Post-colectomy surveillance: - Lower risk 5 years - Higher risk 1 year
ECCO: Third European Evidence-based Consensus on Diagnosis and Management of Ulcerative Colitis. Part 1: Definitions, Diagnosis, Extra-intestinal Manifestations, Pregnancy, Cancer Surveillance, Surgery, and Ileo-anal Pouch Disorders (February 2017)34 *Section 8. Surveillance for Colorectal Cancer in Ulcerative Colitis	Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue or indigo carmine. High-definition endoscopy should be used if available	Targeted biopsies preferred Alternatively, random biopsies [quadrantic biopsies every 10 cm] and targeted biopsies of any visible lesion should be performed if white light endoscopy is used.	ECCO statement 8G Screening colonoscopy should be offered over 8 years following the onset of symptoms - Lower risk 5 years - Intermediate risk 2–3 years - Higher risk 1 year
European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease (December 2013)19	Pan-colonic methylene blue or indigo carmine chromoendoscopy	Targeted biopsies of any visible lesion If appropriate expertise for chromoendoscopy is not available, random biopsies (4 every 10 cm) should be performed
ASGE & AGA – SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease (2015)35	Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue or indigo carmine. High-definition endoscopy should be used if available	No consensus regarding random biopsies 45% agreed and 30% disagreed with performing random biopsies when using high-definition white-light colonoscopy, whereas 25% agreed and 60% disagreed with performing random biopsies when using chromoendoscopy.	N/A
ASGE: The role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease (2015)36	Chromoendoscopy with pan-colonic dye spraying (0.1% methylene blue or 0.03–0.5% indigo carmine)	Pancolitis: random 4-quadrant biopsies are obtained every 10 cm from the cecum to the rectum, for a minimum of 33 specimens, Less extensive colitis: random biopsies limited to the maximally involved segments. Owing to an increased frequency of left-sided CRC in UC, consideration may be given to taking 4-quadrant biopsies every 5 cm in the left side of the colon	All patients at 8 years Every 1–3 years - Optimal surveillance interval not defined. - Presence of risk factors merits annual surveillance - In patients with endoscopically and histologically normal mucosa on R2 surveillance colonoscopies, the surveillance interval can be lengthened.
	If chromoendoscopy is not available or if the yield of chromoendoscopy is reduced	Random biopsies plus targeted biopsies of any suspicious appearing lesions

CRC, colorectal cancer; UC, ulcerative colitis.