Table 2.
Associations between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and trajectories of disability at older age, ADL
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Age | 1.19 (1.16–1.21) | *** | 1.18 (1.16–1.21) | *** | 1.18 (1.15–1.22) | *** | 1.16 (1.13–1.20) | ** | 1.15 (1.11–1.18) | ** |
| Childhood socioeconomic circumstances (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||||
| Disadvantaged | 0.68 (0.54–0.86) | ** | 0.69 (0.55–0.87) | ** | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) | ** | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) | * | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | |
| Middle | 0.54 (0.43–0.69) | *** | 0.58 (0.45–0.74) | *** | 0.59 (0.46–0.75) | *** | 0.69 (0.54–0.88) | ** | 0.76 (0.62–0.95) | * |
| Advantaged | 0.43 (0.32–0.57) | *** | 0.48 (0.36–0.65) | *** | 0.51 (0.38–0.68) | *** | 0.59 (0.45–0.79) | *** | 0.71 (0.55–0.92) | * |
| Most advantaged | 0.30 (0.19–0.46) | *** | 0.37 (0.24–0.59) | *** | 0.39 (0.25–0.61) | *** | 0.47 (0.31–0.73) | ** | 0.65 (0.44–0.97) | * |
| Age × childhood socioeconomic circumstances (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||||
| Age × disadvantaged | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | ** | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | ** | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | ** | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | ** | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | * |
| Age × middle | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | ** | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | ** | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | ** | 0.97 (0.96–1.00) | * | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | |
| Age × advantaged | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | ** | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | ** | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | ** | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | ** | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | * |
| Age × most advantaged | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | * | 0.96 (0.92–1.00) | * | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) | * | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | ||
| Education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | – | 1.01 (0.83–1.21) | 1.00 (0.83–1.21) | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 1.11 (0.94–1.30) | |||||
| Tertiary | – | 0.57 (0.42–0.77) | *** | 0.63 (0.45–0.89) | ** | 0.76 (0.55–1.06) | 0.90 (0.67–1.21) | |||
| Age × education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||||
| Age × secondary | – | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | |||||
| Age × tertiary | – | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | |||||
| Main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||||
| Low-skilled | – | – | 1.34 (1.00–1.78) | 1.25 (0.94–1.65) | 1.27 (0.98–1.64) | * | ||||
| Never worked | – | – | 1.64 (1.15–2.34) | ** | 1.41 (1.00–1.99) | 1.45 (1.06–1.99) | * | |||
| Age × main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||||
| Age × low-skilled | – | – | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | |||||
| Age × never worked | – | – | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | * | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | * | |||
| Ability to make ends meet (ref. Easily) | – | – | – | |||||||
| Fairly easily | – | – | – | 1.34 (1.10–1.64) | ** | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | ||||
| With some difficulty | – | – | – | 2.09 (1.67–2.63) | *** | 1.56 (1.27–1.92) | *** | |||
| With great difficulty | – | – | – | 5.62 (4.22–7.48) | *** | 3.31 (2.56–4.29) | *** | |||
| Age × ability to make ends meet (ref. Age × easily) | – | – | – | |||||||
| Age × fairly easily | – | – | – | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | * | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | * | |||
| Age × with some difficulty | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | |||||
| Age × with great difficulty | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | |||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Age | 1.24 (1.21–1.27) | *** | 1.23 (1.20–1.27) | *** | 1.23 (1.18–1.28) | *** | 1.24 (1.19–1.30) | *** | 1.22 (1.17–1.26) | *** |
| Childhood socioeconomic circumstances (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||||
| Disadvantaged | 0.75 (0.53–1.06) | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 0.86 (0.61–1.22) | 0.93 (0.66–1.30) | 0.93 (0.69–1.25) | |||||
| Middle | 0.73 (0.51–1.04) | 1.07 (0.74–1.54) | 0.95 (0.66–1.38) | 1.00 (0.70–1.44) | 1.03 (0.76–1.42) | |||||
| Advantaged | 0.64 (0.42–0.96) | 1.06 (0.69–1.64) | 0.93 (0.61–1.44) | 1.02 (0.67–1.57) | 1.00 (0.69–1.45) | |||||
| Most advantaged | 0.65 (0.36–1.16) | 0.99 (0.54–1.83) | 1.04 (0.56–1.94) | 1.18 (0.64–2.17) | 1.14 (0.67–1.94) | |||||
| Age × childhood socioeconomic circumstances (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||||
| Age × disadvantaged | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | |||||
| Age × middle | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | * | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | ||||
| Age × advantaged | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | 0.97 (0.93–1.00) | 0.96 (0.93–1.00) | * | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | * | |||
| Age × most advantaged | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 1.00 (0.94–1.05) | 0.99 (0.94–1.05) | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) | |||||
| Education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | – | 0.75 (0.55–1.00) | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | 0.82 (0.61–1.09) | 0.93 (0.72–1.20) | |||||
| Tertiary | – | 0.46 (0.31–0.67) | *** | 0.55 (0.36–0.83) | ** | 0.59 (0.39–0.89) | * | 0.70 (0.49–1.01) | ||
| Age × education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||||
| Age × secondary | – | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | |||||
| Age × tertiary | – | 1.03 (1.00–1.07) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | |||||
| Main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||||
| Low-skilled | – | – | 1.41 (1.05–1.91) | * | 1.25 (0.93–1.67) | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | ||||
| Never worked | – | – | 2.92 (0.80–10.66) | 2.65 (0.75–9.39) | 1.67 (0.58–4.84) | |||||
| Age × main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||||
| Age × low-skilled | – | – | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | |||||
| Age × never worked | – | – | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1.00 (0.90–1.11) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | |||||
| Ability to make ends meet (ref. Easily) | – | – | – | |||||||
| Fairly easily | – | – | – | 1.41 (1.06–1.88) | * | 1.34 (1.04–1.72) | * | |||
| With some difficulty | – | – | – | 2.05 (1.44–2.92) | *** | 1.83 (1.35–2.49) | *** | |||
| With great difficulty | – | – | – | 4.45 (2.76–7.17) | *** | 3.97 (2.63–5.99) | *** | |||
| Age × ability to make ends meet (ref. Age × easily) | – | – | – | |||||||
| Age × fairly easily | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | |||||
| Age × with some difficulty | – | – | – | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | |||||
| Age × with great difficulty | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 1.00 (0.96–1.03) |
Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Model 1: Adjusted for confounders and controls: birth cohorts, countries, attrition and living with biological parents.
Model 2: model 1 adjusted for young adulthood socioeconomic circumstances (education).
Model 3: model 2 adjusted for adulthood socioeconomic circumstances (main occupation).
Model 4: model 3 adjusted for old age socioeconomic circumstances (current ability to make ends meet with the household income).
Model 5: model 4 adjusted for covariates: partnership status, number of chronic diseases and body mass index.
P-values:
***
P<0.001,
**
P<0.01,
*
P<0.05.