Table 3.
Associations between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and trajectories of disability at older age, IADL
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | ||||||
| Women | ||||||||||
| Age | 1.15 (1.14–1.16) | *** | 1.15 (1.13–1.16) | *** | 1.15 (1.12–1.17) | *** | 1.15 (1.12–1.18) | *** | 1.14 (1.12–1.17) | *** |
| Childhood socioeconomic circumstances (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||||
| Disadvantaged | 0.67 (0.57–0.79) | *** | 0.70 (0.60–0.82) | *** | 0.71 (0.61–0.83) | *** | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | ** | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | ** |
| Middle | 0.48 (0.41–0.57) | *** | 0.55 (0.46–0.65) | *** | 0.56 (0.47–0.67) | *** | 0.63 (0.53–0.74) | *** | 0.66 (0.56–0.78) | *** |
| Advantaged | 0.41 (0.33–0.49) | *** | 0.50 (0.41–0.61) | *** | 0.52 (0.42–0.64) | *** | 0.58 (0.48–0.71) | *** | 0.65 (0.53–0.79) | *** |
| Most advantaged | 0.28 (0.21–0.38) | *** | 0.40 (0.29–0.54) | *** | 0.43 (0.31–0.59) | *** | 0.50 (0.37–0.68) | *** | 0.58 (0.43–0.78) | *** |
| Age × childhood socioeconomic circumstances (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||||
| Age × disadvantaged | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | ** | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | ** | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | ** | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | *** | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | ** |
| Age × middle | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | *** | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | *** | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | *** | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | *** | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | *** |
| Age × advantaged | 0.97 (0.95–0.98) | *** | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | *** | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | *** | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | *** | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | *** |
| Age × most advantaged | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | ** | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | ** | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | ** | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | ** | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | ** |
| Education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | – | 0.75 (0.65–0.85) | *** | 0.77 (0.68–0.88) | *** | 0.81 (0.71–0.92) | ** | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | ** | |
| Tertiary | – | 0.45 (0.36–0.56) | *** | 0.56 (0.44–0.72) | *** | 0.64 (0.50–0.81) | *** | 0.70 (0.56–0.88) | ** | |
| Age × education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||||
| Age × secondary | – | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | |||||
| Age × tertiary | – | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | |||||
| Main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||||
| Low-skilled | – | – | 1.50 (1.23–1.85) | *** | 1.39 (1.14–1.70) | ** | 1.40 (1.15–1.70) | ** | ||
| Never worked | – | – | 1.99 (1.56–2.55) | *** | 1.75 (1.37–2.24) | *** | 1.79 (1.42–2.27) | *** | ||
| Age × main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||||
| Age × low-skilled | – | – | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | |||||
| Age × never worked | – | – | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | |||||
| Ability to make ends meet (ref. Easily) | ||||||||||
| Fairly easily | – | – | – | 1.35 (1.18–1.56) | *** | 1.23 (1.07–1.41) | ** | |||
| With some difficulty | – | – | – | 2.00 (1.70–2.35) | *** | 1.62 (1.38–1.89) | *** | |||
| With great difficulty | – | – | – | 4.43 (3.61–5.44) | *** | 3.12 (2.56–3.81) | *** | |||
| Age × ability to make ends meet (ref. Age × easily) | ||||||||||
| Age × fairly easily | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | |||||
| Age × with some difficulty | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | |||||
| Age × with great difficulty | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | |||||
| Men | ||||||||||
| Age | 1.23 (1.21–1.26) | *** | 1.22 (1.20–1.25) | *** | 1.25 (1.21–1.29) | *** | 1.25 (1.21–1.29) | *** | 1.24 (1.20–1.28) | *** |
| Childhood socioeconomic circumstances (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||||
| Disadvantaged | 0.81 (0.63–1.04) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 0.95 (0.75–1.22) | 0.96 (0.76–1.22) | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) | |||||
| Middle | 0.53 (0.41–0.69) | *** | 0.64 (0.49–0.84) | ** | 0.70 (0.54–0.91) | ** | 0.76 (0.59–0.97) | * | 0.80 (0.64–1.01) | |
| Advantaged | 0.46 (0.34–0.63) | *** | 0.62 (0.45–0.85) | ** | 0.69 (0.50–0.94) | * | 0.75 (0.55–1.02) | 0.78 (0.58–1.03) | ||
| Most advantaged | 0.45 (0.29–0.70) | *** | 0.69 (0.44–1.08) | 0.81 (0.52–1.27) | 0.85 (0.55–1.31) | 0.86 (0.57–1.29) | ||||
| Age × childhood socioeconomic circumstances (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||||
| Age × disadvantaged | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | |||||
| Age × middle | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | |||||
| Age × advantaged | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | |||||
| Age × most advantaged | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | |||||
| Education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||||
| Secondary | – | 0.64 (0.52–0.80) | *** | 0.66 (0.53–0.82) | *** | 0.73 (0.60–0.90) | ** | 0.77 (0.64–0.94) | ** | |
| Tertiary | – | 0.40 (0.30–0.53) | *** | 0.46 (0.34–0.62) | *** | 0.59 (0.44–0.79) | *** | 0.64 (0.48–0.84) | ** | |
| Age × education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||||
| Age × secondary | – | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | |||||
| Age × tertiary | – | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | |||||
| Main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||||
| Low-skilled | – | – | 1.37 (1.10–1.70) | ** | 1.27 (1.02–1.57) | * | 1.22 (1.00–1.49) | * | ||
| Never worked | – | – | 4.45 (1.85–10.71) | ** | 3.79 (1.64–8.73) | ** | 2.73 (1.27–5.84) | * | ||
| Age × main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||||
| Age × low-skilled | – | – | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | * | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | ||||
| Age × never worked | – | – | 0.94 (0.87–1.00) | 0.94 (0.87–1.00) | 0.92 (0.87–0.98) | * | ||||
| Ability to make ends meet (ref. Easily) | ||||||||||
| Fairly easily | – | – | – | 1.62 (1.32–1.99) | *** | 1.52 (1.26–1.84) | *** | |||
| With some difficulty | – | – | – | 2.90 (2.26–3.72) | *** | 2.46 (1.96–3.10) | *** | |||
| With great difficulty | – | – | – | 5.49 (3.94–7.65) | *** | 4.51 (3.32–6.12) | *** | |||
| Age × ability to make ends meet (ref. Age × easily) | ||||||||||
| Age × fairly easily | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | |||||
| Age × with some difficulty | – | – | – | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | |||||
| Age × with great difficulty | – | – | – | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) |
Abbreviations: IADL, instrumental activity of daily living; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Model 1: adjusted for confounders and controls: birth cohorts, countries, attrition and living with biological parents.
Model 2: model 1 adjusted for young adulthood socioeconomic circumstances (education).
Model 3: model 2 adjusted for adulthood socioeconomic circumstances (main occupation).
Model 4: model 3 adjusted for old age socioeconomic circumstances (current ability to make ends meet with the household income).
Model 5: model 4 adjusted for covariates: partnership status, number of chronic diseases and body mass index.
P-values:
***
P<0.001,
**
P<0.01,
*
P<0.05.