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. 2019 Jul 25;31(9):623–642. doi: 10.1089/ars.2018.7722

FIG. 2.

FIG. 2.

Compartmentation of NAD+ biology. The cellular compartments considered herein are cytosol, nucleus, mitochondrion, and extracellular space. The major routes for import, biosynthesis, and consumption of NAD+ in each of these compartments are shown. Dotted lines and question marks denote pathways for which limited evidence is available. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; ENT, equilibrative nucleoside transporter; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; MAS, malate-aspartate shuttle; NAAD, nicotinic acid adenine; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced form; NADK, NAD+ kinase; NADP+, nicotinamide adenine; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced form; NAMPT, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; NMNAT, nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase; NNT, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase; NRK, nicotinamide riboside kinase; OX-PHOS, oxidative phosphorylation; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway; SARM1, sterile alpha and TIR motif-containing protein 1; SIRT, sirtuin. Color images are available online.