Table 2.

List of non-oral antiepileptic drugs that can easily be applied in the out-of-hospital setting

Route of Administration	Drug	Dose	Indication
Intranasal	Midazolam	27.8 mg/mL, 1 spray of 2.5 mg in each nostril (total dose 5 mg); if necessary, repeat after 5 min	Emergency treatment
Rectal	Diazepam	10 mg; if necessary, repeat after 5 min	Emergency treatment
Buccal	Clonazepam	2–4 times 0.5 mg/d; maintenance dose 4 times, 0.5–1.0 mg/d; maximum dose 20 mg/d	Prophylactic treatment
Subcutaneous	Phenobarbital	100 mg; if necessary, repeat after 4–6 h; maintenance dose 2–4 mg/kg	Prophylactic treatment
Subcutaneous	Midazolam	Start dose 10 mg; maintenance dose 1.5–2.5 mg/h	Palliative sedation in patients with refractory seizures where other non-oral AEDs have failed.

Abbreviations: d, day; h, hour; min, minute