Table 1.

Pharmacokinetic characteristics of antiepileptic drugs^a

AED	Usual Oral Dose (mg/day)	Therapeutic Range (mg/L)	Oral Bioavailability (%)	Time to Steady State (days)	T1/2 (h) without Enzyme Inducers	T1/2 (h) with Enzyme Inducers	Cl (mL/kg/h) without Enzyme Inducers	Cl (mL/kg/h) with Enzyme Inducers	Protein Binding (%)
Carbamazepine	400–1600	4–12	75–85	2–4	8–20	9–10	133	80	75
Clobazam	5–40	0.1–0.3	80–90	10–30	10–45	12–60	40–70	bfactor 2–3	85
Clonazepamc	0.5–4, max.20	0.02–0.08	90	17–56	1–4	1–3	90	factor 1.2–1.6	85
Eslicarbazepine	400–1200	3–35	90	3–4	20–24	9–20	35–50	40–65	40
Gabapentin	900–3600	12–20	<60	1–2	5–9	5–9	120–230	120–230	0
Lacosamide	200–400	10–20	>95	3	12–16	12–16	28–40	28–40	<15
Lamotrigine	200–600	2.5–15	>95	3–15	22–38	14–15	20–35	50–80	55
Levetiracetam	1000–3000	8–26	80–90	1–2	5–11	5–8	30–50	45–75	0
Midazolamd	in 5–15	100–400	30–70	1–2	1–4	1–2	250–540	12–30	95–97
Oxcarbazepine	900–2400	12–35	80–100	2–3	5–30	6–19	40–50	50–70	40–60
Perampanel	4–12	0.2–1.0	100	10–19	66–105	∼25	8–12	12–20	95%
Phenobarbital	30–180	10–40	95	15–30	70–140	80–100	6–9	12–18	45–60
Phenytoin	150–400	10–20	95	6–21	24–100	<24–72	7–42	factor ∼2	85–95
Pregabalin	150–600	2–8	90	1–2	5–7	5–7	45–75	45–75	0
Retigabine	600–1200	–	60	1–2	6–10	4–7	670	470	80
Topiramate	100–500	5–20	81%–95%	4–7	20–30	9–12	15–36	30–50	15
Valproic acid	500–2500	50–100	>95	2–4	13–18	2–11	6–15	4–10	85–95
Vigabatrin	200–300	0.8–36	80–90	1–2	6–8	4–6	130–150	130–150	0
Zonisamide	200–600	10–38	>90	5–12	50–70	25–37	15–20	20–30	40–60

Abbreviations: AED, antiepileptic drug; Cl, clearance; in, intranasal.

^aData drawn from Johannessen SI, 2006¹⁰; Bénit CP, 2012⁷; Patsalos, 2013¹¹; De Leon, 2013¹⁶; Italiano D, 2013.¹²

^bDespite faster clearance, clinical activity of clobazam is 1.5 to 2 times higher due to increased conversion into the active metabolite N-desmethylclobazam.

^cUse of clonazepam as oral or buccal (sublingual/sublabial) administration.

^dMidazolam as intranasal administration on an as-needed basis.