Table 3.

Spatiotemporal Effects of Acute DFP Intoxication on Protein Levels of Cytokines and Chemokines in the Brain

			Time Postexposure
Cytokine Category	Cytokine	Region	Day 1	Day 3	Day 7	Day 14	Day 28
Chemotactic	MIP-1aa	All	↑	↑	↑	↑	↑
	MCP-1b	HP	↑	↑	↑	ns	↑
		PC	↑	↑	↑	↓	ns
	MIP-3aa	All	↑	↓	ns	ns	ns
	GRO/KCb	HP	↑	ns	ns	ns	ns
		PC	↑	ns	ns	↓	ns
	RANTESc	All	↓
	VEGFc	All	↓
Antiinflammatory	IL-4a	All	ns	↓	ns	↓	ns
	IL-5a	All	↓	↓	ns	↓	ns
	IL-10d	HP	↓
		PC	ns
	IL-13a	All	↓	↓	ns	↓	ns
Pleiotropic pro- and antiinflammatory	IL-2c	All	ns
	IL-7c	All	↓
	IL-12(p70)c	All	↓
Proinflammatory	IL-1αa	All	ns	↓	ns	↓	ns
	IL-1βd	HP	↓
		PC	ns
	IL-6c	All	↓
	IL-17a	All	↓	↓	ns	↓	ns
	IL-18d	HP	↓
		PC	ns
	M-CSFc	All	↓
	G-CSFa	All	ns	↓	ns	ns	ns
	GM-CSFc	All	↓
	IFN-γa	All	↓	↓	ns	↓	ns
	TNF-αd	HP	↓
		PC	↓

↓ indicates levels are lower in DFP (n = 6–9 per group) compared with VEH (n = 3-4 per group), ↑ indicates levels are higher in DFP compared with VEH, and “ns” (light gray) indicates no significant difference between groups. Only differences that remained significant after an FDR correction are presented.

Abbreviations: All, pooled across brain regions; HP, hippocampus; PC, piriform cortex.

^aInteraction between day and treatment, significant differences are presented by day.

^bBoth day by treatment and region by treatment interactions, significant differences are presented by region by day.

^cNo interactions between treatment and another factor, the global difference between DFP and VEH are presented.

^dInteraction between region and treatment, significant differences are presented by region.