. 2019 May 9;36(8):1746–1763. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msz099

Table 5.

CGC Genes with d_N/d_S > 1 as Revealed by Pairwise Comparisons of Cetacean Genomes.

Comparison	Gene Symbol	Gene Name	Role in Cancer	Function
Minke:humpback	CD274	CD274 molecule	TSG	Plays a critical role in induction and maintenance of immune tolerance to self^a
	ETNK1	Ethanolamine kinase 1	TSG	Suppresses escaping of programmed cell death^b
	IL21R	Interleukin 21 receptor	Fusion	The ligand binding of this receptor leads to the activation of multiple downstream signaling molecules, including JAK1, JAK3, STAT1, and STAT3.2
	MYOD1	Myogenic differentiation 1	Fusion	Regulates muscle cell differentiation by inducing cell cycle arrest, a prerequisite for myogenic initiation^a
	PHF6	PHD finger protein 6	TSG	Encodes a protein with two PHD-type zinc finger domains, indicating a potential role in transcriptional regulation, that localizes to the nucleolus^a
Orca:dolphin	BTG1	B-cell translocation gene 1; antiproliferative	TSG; fusion	Member of an antiproliferative gene family that regulates cell growth and differentiation^a
	CD274	CD274 molecule	TSG; fusion	Plays a critical role in induction and maintenance of immune tolerance to self^a
	FANCD2	Fanconi anemia; complementation group D2	TSG	Suppresses genome instability and mutations; promotes escaping programmed cell death; suppresses proliferative signaling; suppresses invasion and metastasis^b
	FAS	Fas cell surface death receptor	TSG	Promotes cell replicative immortality; promotes proliferative signaling; promotes invasion and metastasis; suppresses escaping programmed cell death^b
	FGFR4	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Oncogene	Promotes proliferative signaling; promotes invasion and metastasis^b
	GPC3	Glypican 3	Oncogene; TSG	Promotes invasion and metastasis; promotes suppression of growth^b
	HOXD11	Homeobox D11	Oncogene; fusion	The homeobox genes encode a highly conserved family of transcription factors that play an important role in morphogenesis in all multicellular organisms^a
	HOXD13	Homeobox D13	Oncogene; fusion
	LASP1	LIM and SH3 protein 1	Fusion	The encoded protein has been linked to metastatic breast cancer, hematopoetic tumors such as B-cell lymphomas, and colorectal cancer^a
	MLF1	Myeloid leukemia factor 1	TSG; fusion	This gene encodes an oncoprotein which is thought to play a role in the phenotypic determination of hemopoetic cells. Translocations between this gene and nucleophosmin have been associated with myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia^a
	MYB	v-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog	Oncogene; fusion	This gene may be aberrantly expressed or rearranged or undergo translocation in leukemias and lymphomas, and is considered to be an oncogene^a
	MYD88	Myeloid differentiation primary response gene (88)	Oncogene	Promotes escaping programmed cell death; promotes proliferative signaling; promotes invasion and metastasis; promotes tumor promoting inflammation^b
	NR4A3	Nuclear receptor subfamily 4; group A; member 3 (NOR1)	Oncogene; fusion	Encodes a member of the steroid–thyroid hormone–retinoid receptor superfamily that may act as a transcriptional activator^a
	PALB2	Partner and localizer of BRCA2	TSG	This protein binds to and colocalizes with the breast cancer 2 early onset protein (BRCA2) in nuclear foci and likely permits the stable intranuclear localization and accumulation of BRCA2^a
	PML	Promyelocytic leukemia	TSG; fusion	Expression is cell-cycle related and it regulates the p53 response to oncogenic signals^a
	RAD21	RAD21 homolog (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)	Oncogene; TSG	Promotes invasion and metastasis; suppresses genome instability and mutations; suppresses escaping programmed cell death^b
	STIL	SCL/TAL1 interrupting locus	Oncogene; fusion	Encodes a cytoplasmic protein implicated in regulation of the mitotic spindle checkpoint, a regulatory pathway that monitors chromosome segregation during cell division to ensure the proper distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells^a
	TAL1	T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (SCL)	Oncogene; fusion	Implicated in the genesis of hemopoietic malignancies and may play an important role in hemopoietic differentiation^a
	TNFRSF14	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily; member 14 (herpesvirus entry mediator)	TSG	The encoded protein functions in signal transduction pathways that activate inflammatory and inhibitory T-cell immune response^a
	TNFRSF17	Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily; member 17	Oncogene; fusion	This receptor also binds to various TRAF family members, and thus may transduce signals for cell survival and proliferation^a

Note.—TSG, tumor suppressor gene.

Source: RefSeq.

Source: Cancer Hallmark from CGC.