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. 2019 Jul 30;25(3):363–376. doi: 10.5056/jnm19044

Figure.

Figure

Bidirectional gut-brain axis pathophysiological cascasde in the development of Parkinson’s disease. ENS, enteric nervous system; SCFA, short-chain fatty acid; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; CNS, central nervous system; PNS, peripheral nervous system.