Table 2.
Patient and tumor characteristics according to resection approach.
| n | Open TV >100 mL n = 82 | Open TV <100 mL n = 68 | MIS* n = 24 | No resection n = 27 | Combined n = 201 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Embryonal tumor types | |||||||
| NBL | 201 | 28% (23) | 60% (41) | 83% (20) | 63% (17) | 50% (101) | < .001 |
| WT | 61% (50) | 21% (14) | (2) | (1) | 33% (67) | ||
| RMS | (1) | (3) | (2) | 15% (4) | 5% (10) | ||
| HBL | 10% (8) | 15% (10) | (0) | 19% (5) | 11% (23) | ||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 201 | 44% (36) | 43% (29) | 58% (14) | 56% (15) | 47% (94) | .414 |
| Female | 56% (46) | 57% (39) | 42% (10) | 44% (12) | 53% (107) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 201 | 71% (58) | 71% (48) | 89% (21) | 85% (23) | 75% (150) | .201 |
| White, Hispanic | (3) | 10% (7) | (0) | (0) | 5% (10) | ||
| Black | 18% (15) | 13% (9) | (0) | (3) | 13% (27) | ||
| Asian | (1) | (2) | (1) | (0) | 2% (4) | ||
| Other | 6% (5) | (2) | (2) | (1) | 5% (10) | ||
| Age at diagnosis | 201 | 41.5 [18, 53] | 20 [9, 39.5] | 35.5 [16, 66.5] | 13 [3, 30] | 28 [12, 51] | < .001 |
| Body surface area | 196 | 0.64 [0.5, 0.74] | 0.54 [0.44, 0.67] | 0.62 [0.47, 0.79] | 0.46 [0.36, 0.54] | 0.58 [0.45, 0.71] | < .001 |
| Stage | |||||||
| Stage I/II | 189 | 45% (35) | 39% (26) | 68% (13) | (2) | 40% (76) | < .001 |
| Stage III/IV | 55% (43) | 61% (41) | 32% (6) | 92% (23) | 60% (113) | ||
| COG risk group | |||||||
| Low | 189 | 42% (33) | 38% (24) | 57% (12) | 20% (5) | 39% (74) | .016 |
| Intermediate | 38% (30) | 22% (14) | (3) | 36% (9) | 30% (56) | ||
| High | 20% (16) | 41% (26) | 29% (6) | 44% (11) | 31% (59) | ||
| Tumor volume (TV) | |||||||
| TV at diagnosis | 200 | 481.8 [263.9, 760] | 91.1 [17.6, 352.4] | 26.3 [4.2, 57.8] | 141.1 [34.8, 445.2] | 215.0 [42.9, 546.0] | < .001 |
| TV at resection | 174 | 416.6 [231.2, 678.2] | 24.3 [10.4,42.1] | 16.9 [3.1,42.1] | - | 84.0 [20.4, 372.5] | < .001 |
| Upfront | 105 | 461.0 [258.1, 733.1] | 17.7 [11.5, 37.5] | 24.7 [2.3, 46.8] | - | 220.5 [34.6, 540.4] | † |
| After neoadjuvant | 69 | 277.1 [161.5, 525.5] | 26.4 [10.2, 42.4] | 10.3 [5.5, 29.1] | - | 39.1 [12, 119.2] | |
| Timing of resection | |||||||
| Upfront | 174 | 78% (64) | 38% (26) | 63% (15) | - | 60% (105) | < .001 |
| After neoadjuvant | 22% (18) | 62% (42) | 38% (9) | - | 40% (69) | ||
| Fold decrease in TV after neoadjuvant | 68 | 1.5 [1.3, 2.9] | 9.1 [4.4, 20.5] | 7.7 [3.7, 10.4] | - | 5.5 [1.8, 15.4] | < .001 |
*
All TV <100 mL for MIS resection.
†
TV at resection for open with TV >100 mL by neoadjuvant status (upfront versus after neoadjuvant): P = .042; TV at resection for open with TV <100 mL by neoadjuvant status: P = .900; TV at resection for MIS by neoadjuvant status: P = .721.
MIS, minimally invasive surgery; NBL, neuroblastic tumors; WT, Wilms tumor; RMS, rhabdomyosarcoma; HBL, hepatoblastoma; COG, Children’s Oncology Group; TV, tumor volume.