Table 1.
Percentage (95% CI) of 9th – 12th Grade Students Reporting Lifetime Heroin Use from 1999 to 2017 in 9 Urban Centers
| New York City, NY | Broward County, FL | Miami-Dade County, FL | Orange County, FL | Dallas, TX | Chicago, IL | Milwaukee, WI | San Bernardino, CA | San Diego, CA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Years | 2.11 (1.93, 2.31) | 2.92 (2.55, 3.35) | 2.89 (2.57, 3.23) | 3.00 (2.63, 3.41) | 2.78 (2.36, 3.28) | 3.58 (3.03, 4.22) | 4.5 (3.80, 5.31) | 2.85 (2.44, 3.33) | 2.66 (2.37, 2.99 |
| 1999 | 1.00 (0.57, 1.76) | 3.1 (2.25, 4.24) | 3.68 (2.63, 5.12) | -- | 1.81 (1.25, 2.62) | 3.11 (1.83, 5.23) | -- | -- | 2.61 (1.79, 3.77) |
| 2001 | 0.9 (0.48, 1.68) | 3.35 (2.30, 4.84) | 2.79 (2.07, 3.74) | 3.66 (1.83, 7.15) | 2.36 (1.60, 3.47) | 2.55 (1.65, 3.90) | -- | 4.56 (2.55, 8.03) | 2.94 (2.07, 4.15) |
| 2003 | 1.6 (1.28, 2.00) | 2.3 (1.40, 3.20) | 2.46 (1.81, 3.34) | 2.01 (1.00, 4.01) | 2.41 (1.76, 3.27) | 3.70 (2.57, 5.31) | -- | 3.87 (2.83, 5.29) | 2.67 (1.92, 3.70) |
| 2005 | 1.78 (1.33, 2.38) | 2.54 (1.61, 3.97) | 1.81 (1.27, 2.58) | 2.84 (1.91, 4.21) | 2.58 (1.84, 3.61) | 2.04 (0.93, 4.43) | 2.78 (1.92, 3.99) | 3.85 (2.44, 6.01) | 3.17 (2.37 4.23) |
| 2007 | 1.31 (0.90, 1.92) | 1.52 (0.86, 2.68) | 3.04 (2.33, 3.96) | 1.93 (1.28, 2.89) | 5.25 (3.59, 7.60) | 3.68 (2.15, 6.23) | 3.45 (2.62, 4.53) | 1.71 (1.18, 2.49) | 3.19 (2.36, 4.31) |
| 2009 | 2.58 (2.10, 3.16) | 4.53 (2.83, 7.20) | 3.61 (2.37, 5.47) | 3.58 (2.34, 5.43) | 2.4 (1.46, 3.92) | 4.65 (2.97, 7.20) | 4.46 (3.31, 5.99) | 2.7 (1.89, 3.84) | 2.35 (1.65, 3.33) |
| 2011 | 2.68 (2.26, 3.17) | 2.11 (1.23, 3.59) | 2.95 (2.06, 4.23) | 2.52 (1.59, 3.96) | 2.62 (1.82, 3.77) | 3.87 (2.89, 5.17) | 5.34 (3.67, 7.72) | 2.21 (1.56, 3.13) | 2.78 (1.94, 3.95) |
| 2013 | 2.76 (2.13, 3.57) | 2.33 (1.26, 4.27) | 1.86 (1.24, 2.78) | 2.8 (2.00, 3.91) | -- | 4.12 (2.57, 6.53) | 7.38 (4.95, 10.86) | 1.63 (1.03, 2.57) | -- |
| 2015 | 2.53 (1.95, 3.28) | 4.02 (2.89, 5.55) | 2.82 (1.93, 4.11) | 3.88 (2.34, 6.36) | -- | -- | -- | -- | 2.47 (1.85, 3.31) |
| 2017 | 3.92 (3.19, 4.80) | 3.75 (2.23, 6.23) | 4.32 (2.85, 6.49) | 3.64 (2.31, 5.68) | -- | 4.58 (2.96, 7.85) | -- | -- | 1.55 (0.88, 2.74) |
| Linear β (p-value) | 0.43 (<0.0001) | 0.06 (0.34) | 0.03 (0.57) | 0.10 (0.17) | 0.14 (0.06) | 0.15a (0.02) | 0.35 (0.0001) | −0.34 (0.0001) | 0.11 (0.17) |
| Quadratic β (p-value) | −0.03 (0.57) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.12 (0.11) | −0.15 (0.02) | 0.04a (0.59) | 0.02 (0.82) | 0.04 (0.72) | 1.01 (<0.0001) |
Note. Bold indicates statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05). A double dash indicates that the data were not available for the year.
a
Trend for Chicago, IL does not include 2017 (see Methods).