Table 1:
Baseline sample characteristics, stratified by reporting chronic pain in the past six months among people who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada (n = 1,459).
| Characteristic | Reporting chronic pain * |
p - value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) 760(52.1) |
No n (%) 699(47.9) |
||
| Childhood emotional abuse | |||
| Moderate/extreme | 330 (43.4) | 261 (37.3) | 0.015 |
| None/low | 385 (50.7) | 397 (56.8) | |
| Childhood physical abuse | |||
| Moderate/extreme | 273 (35.9) | 206 (29.5) | 0.006 |
| None/low | 441 (58.0) | 454 (64.9) | |
| Childhood sexual abuse | |||
| Moderate/extreme | 239 (31.4) | 190 (27.2) | 0.046 |
| None/low | 470 (61.8) | 472 (67.5) | |
| Childhood physical neglect | |||
| Moderate/extreme | 226 (29.7) | 189 (27.0) | 0.181 |
| None/low | 479 (63.0) | 469 (67.1) | |
| Childhood emotional neglect | |||
| Moderate/extreme | 356 (46.8) | 328 (46.9) | 0.819 |
| None/low | 343 (45.1) | 324 (46.4) | |
| Age | |||
| Median, IQR | 49 (42-54) | 46 (38-53) | <0.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 280 (36.8) | 238 (34.0) | 0.260 |
| Male | 474 (62.4) | 456(65.2) | |
| Ancestry | |||
| White | 433 (57.0) | 387 (55.4) | 0.476 |
| Other | 311 (40.9) | 300 (42.9) | |
| Homelessness* | |||
| Yes | 143 (18.8) | 138 (19.7) | 0.662 |
| No | 615 (80.9) | 560 (80.1) | |
| DTES residency* | |||
| Yes | 451 (59.3) | 395 (56.5) | 0.273 |
| No | 309 (40.7) | 304 (43.5) | |
| Educational attainment | |||
| Less than high school | 373 (49.1) | 355 (50.8) | 0.400 |
| High school diploma or higher | 370 (48.7) | 322 (46.1) | |
| Daily heroin use*† | |||
| Yes | 163 (21.4) | 150 (21.5) | 0.996 |
| No | 597 (78.6) | 549 (78.5) | |
| Daily prescription opioid use*† | |||
| Yes | 57 (7.5) | 22 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| No | 703 (92.5) | 677 (96.9) | |
| Daily cocaine use*† | |||
| Yes | 44 (5.8) | 36 (5.2) | 0.592 |
| No | 716 (94.2) | 663 (94.8) | |
| Daily crack cocaine use*† | |||
| Yes | 102 (13.4) | 91 (13.0) | 0.829 |
| No | 658 (86.6) | 607 (86.8) | |
| Daily crystal methamphetamine | |||
| Yes | 98 (12.9) | 87 (12.4) | 0.797 |
| No | 662 (87.1) | 612 (87.6) | |
| Heavy alcohol use*† | |||
| Yes | 111 (14.6) | 112 (16.0) | 0.465 |
| No | 646 (85.0) | 586 (83.8) | |
| Mental health diagnosis ever | |||
| Yes | 517 (68.0) | 422 (60.4) | 0.002 |
| No | 241 (31.7) | 276 (39.5) | |
| Engaged in OAT* | |||
| Yes | 431 (56.7) | 349 (49.9) | 0.009 |
| No | 328 (43.2) | 350 (50.1) | |
| HIV Serostatus | |||
| Positive | 338 (44.5) | 266 (38.1) | 0.013 |
| Negative | 422 (55.5) | 433 (61.9) | |
IQR: interquartile range; DTES: Downtown Eastside; OAT: opioid agonist therapy
*
Denotes activities in the previous six months
†
Refers to any route of consumption (i.e., sniffing, snorting, smoking or injecting)