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(A) Hourly values of the non-protein respiratory quotient (npRQ) differed between the early time-restricted feeding (eTRF) and control arms, particularly at nighttime. (B) eTRF decreased the 24-hr npRQ, and this was driven by decreases in npRQ during the nighttime, while sleeping, and while fasting in the morning (“Rest”). (C) eTRF increased metabolic flexibility, which was defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum hourly values of npRQ *P ≤ 0.05
