Table 3.
Outcome variables across the 3 groups before and after intervention.
| Measures | Grouping | Pairwise comparisons between groupsBeta (95% CI) | |||||||||
| Group 1: AAa (n=19) | Group 2: AA + app (n=19) | Group 3: Waitlist control (n=21) | Group 1 versus group 2 | Group 1 versus group 3 | Group 2 versus group 3 |
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| Estimated mean (SE) | Mean difference (P value) | Estimated mean (SE) | Mean difference (P value) | Estimated mean (SE) | Mean difference (P value) |
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| Body weight (kg) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 78.87 (2.83) | 1.33 (0.005) | 78.00 (3.15) | 1.56 (0.000) | 75.68 (2.18) | 0.23 (0.515) | –0.23 (–1.38 to 0.92) | 1.10 –0.07 to 2.26) | 1.33 (–0.36 to 2.29) | |
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Postintervention | 77.54 (2.63) | —b | 76.44 (3.09) | — | 75.44 (2.12) | — | — | — | — | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2 ) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 30.32 (1.04) | 0.50 (0.013) | 30.65 (1.21) | 0.60 (0.000) | 30.11 (0.79) | 0.12 (0.435) | –0.10 (–0.56 to 0.36) | 0.38 (–0.12 to 0.87) | 0.48 (0.09 to 0.87) | |
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Postintervention | 29.82 (0.98) | — | 30.05 (2.21) | — | 29.99 (0.75) | — | — | — | — | |
| Body fat (%) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 39.58 (1.72) | 0.17 (0.640) | 40.73 (2.18) | 0.39 (0.012)c | 41.34 (1.44) | 0.66 (0.274) | –0.23 (–1.00 to 0.54) | –0.49 (–1.88 to 0.89) | –0.27 (–1.49 to 0.96) | |
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Postintervention | 39.42 (1.71) | — | 40.33 (2.19) | — | 40.68 (1.51) | — | — | — | — | |
| Body water (%) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 45.21 (1.04) | –0.33 (0.190) | 44.66 (1.33) | 0.23 (0.144) | 44.83 (0.89) | 0.17 (0.641) | –0.56 (–1.15 to 0.02) | –0.51 (–1.38 to 0.37) | 0.06 (–073 to 0.84) | |
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Postintervention | 45.54 (1.06) | — | 44.43 (1.31) | — | 44.66 (0.84) | — | — | — | — | |
| Visceral fat rating | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 11.05 (0.85) | 0.28 (0.021) | 11.13 (0.64) | 0.62 (0.066) | 10.45 (0.57) | –0.28 (0.477) | –0.34 (–1.04 to 0.36) | 0.56 (–0.25 to 1.36) | 0.90 (–0.12 to 1.92) | |
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Postintervention | 10.78 (0.80) | — | 10.51 (0.61) | — | 10.73 (0.62) | — | — | — | — | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 101.08 (2.61) | 2.81 (0.001) | 98.85 (2.55) | 1.60 (0.006) | 97.65 (1.54) | –0.76 (0.185) | 1.21 (–0.79 to 3.21) | 3.57 (1.59 to 5.55) | 2.36 (0.75 to 3.96) | |
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Postintervention | 98.27 (2.31) | — | 97.25 (2.52) | — | 98.41 (1.51) | — | — | — | — | |
| Hip circumference (cm) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 109.66 (2.29) | 1.53 (0.003) | 110.74 (2.36) | 1.41 (0.002) | 109.07 (1.57) | –0.26 (0.612) | 0.12 (–1.23 to 1.46) | 1.78 (–2.55 to –0.51) | 1.67 (0.35 to 2.99) | |
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Postintervention | 108.14 (2.19) | — | 109.33 (2.42) | — | 109.32 (1.48) | — | — | — | — | |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 0.92 (0.13) | 0.01 (0.084) | 0.89 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.694) | 0.90 (0.01) | 0.00 (0.259) | 0.01 (–0.01 to 0.03) | 0.02 (0.00 to 0.03) | 0.01 (–0.01 to 0.02) | |
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Postintervention | 0.91 (0.01) | — | 0.89 (0.01) | — | 0.90 (0.01) | — | — | — | — | |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 63.87 (9.97) | 1.98 (0.850) | 77.81 (14.23) | 12.11 (0.243) | 70.05 (9.50) | 14.24 (0.071) | –10.13 (–38.98 to 18.71) | –12.27 (–37.93 to 13.39) | –2.14 (–27.67 to 23.40) | |
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Postintervention | 61.90 (9.14) | — | 65.70 (11.19) | — | 55.80 (6.32) | — | — | — | — | |
| Adiponectin (ng/ml) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 14896.48 (2190.72) | –370.60 (0.671) | 16163.83 (2671.44) | –1468.54 (0.717) | 14117.40 (2063.87) | –239.12 (0.876) | 1097.94 (–7036.93 to 9232.82) | –131.47 (0.36 to 3321.20) | –1229.42 (–9730.36 to 7271.53) | |
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Postintervention | 15267.08 (2309.31) | — | 17632.37 (3384.36) | — | 14356.52 (1846.75) | — | — | — | — | |
| Fullness (lunch) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 4.54 (0.58) | –0.60 (0.333) | 4.51 (0.47) | –1.06 (0.047)c | 6.02 (0.50) | –0.28 (0.399) | 0.82 (–1.15 to 2.07) | –0.32 (–1.70 to 1.06) | 1.06 (0.01 to 2.12)c | |
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Postintervention | 5.15 (0.44) | — | 5.57 (0.43) | — | 6.30 (0.53) | — | — | — | — | |
| Fullness (dinner) | |||||||||||
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Baseline | 4.60 (0.62) | –0.71 (0.321) | 4.51 (0.51) | –1.40 (0.010) | 6.76 (0.51) | 0.26 (–0.328) | –0.69 (–1.06 to 2.45) | –0.97 (–2.45 to 0.52) | 1.40 (033 to 2.47) | |
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Postintervention | 5.30 (0.47) | — | 5.91 (040) | — | 6.50 (0,59) | — | — | — | — | |
aAA: auricular acupressure.
bNot applicable.
cEstimated mean and standard error (SE) from generalized estimating equations.