Table 1.
Comparison and summary of total number of questions by respectful maternity care domain for Madhya Pradesh, India, and other respectful maternity care studies identified in the literature.
| Domains | Afulani et ala PCMC in Kenya [12] | Bihar India [29] | Sherferaw et al Ethiopia [10] | Madhya Pradesh India | |||||||
| Prevalence module | Satisfaction module | ||||||||||
| No. | Response options | No. | Response options | No. | Response options | No. | Response options | No. | Response options | ||
| Physical or sexual abuse | |||||||||||
|
|
Use of force | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 3 | Binary; Categorical | 2 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Binary, Categorical | — | — |
|
|
Physical restraint | —a | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Verbal Abuse | |||||||||||
| Harsh or rude language | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Binary; Categorical | 3 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Binary, Categorical | — | — | |
| Threats and blaming | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Judgmental or accusatory comments | — | — | 1 | Categorical | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Stigma and discrimination | |||||||||||
| Discrimination | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Categorical | 4 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Categorical | — | — | |
| Failure to meet professional standards of care | |||||||||||
| Refusal to provide pain relief | 2 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | 1 | Likert scale 1-6 | |
| Lack of informed consent process | 4 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Categorical | 3 | Likert scale 1-5 | 3 | Binary, Categorical | 2 | Likert scale 1-6 | |
| Breaches of confidentiality | 2 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Binary | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Binary | |||
| Neglect, abandonment, or long delays | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Binary; Categorical | 3 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Binary, Categorical | — | — | |
| Skilled attendant absent at time of delivery | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Painful vaginal exams | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Poor rapport between women and providers | |||||||||||
| Poor communication | 6 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 question 9 subcategories | Binary | 4 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Binary | 2 | Likert scale 1-6 | |
| Language and interpretation issues | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | — | — | ||
| Lack of supportive care from health workers | 6 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 9 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Binary | 1 | Likert scale 1-6 | |
| Trust | 2 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Denial or lack of birth companions during labor and delivery | 2 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Binary, Categorical | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 4 | Binary, Categorical | — | — | |
| Lack of respect for women’s preferred birth positions/ freedom of movement | — | — | 3 | Binary | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Binary | — | — | |
| Denial of safe traditional practices | — | — | — | — | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | — | — | |
| Detainment in facilities | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 2 | Binary, Continuous | 2 | Binary, Continuous | — | — | |||
| Objectification of women | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Health system conditions and constraints | |||||||||||
| Lack of privacy | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Binary | 2 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Binary | — | — | |
| Bribery and extortion | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | 1 | Binary | — | — | |
| Safety | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Physical condition of facilities | 4 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | — | — | 2 | Binary | 1 | Likert scale 1-6 | |
| Staffing shortages/constraints | 1 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Supply constraints | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Lack of redress | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Unclear fee structures | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Unreasonable requests of women by health workers | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Other questions | — | — | 2 | Likert scale 1-5 | — | — | — | — | 3 | Likert Scale 1-6 | |
| Total | 38 | — | 20 | — | 37 | — | 26 | — | 10 | — | |
aQuestion not included.