Table 3.

Selected outcomes in 4 high-quality studies of digitally supported Person-centered, Integrated, and Proactive care (digi-PIP-care) for frail multimorbid elderly. All primary outcomes and any positive secondary outcomes analyses are shown. Negative secondary analyses not presented.

Paper	Outcome measure	Patient or clinics	N	Effect intervention	Effect control	Ratio Intervention/ Control	P value
Utrecht PROactive Frailty Intervention Trial [55]	Katz 15 scores at 6 months. Range 0-15, lower score is better	Pa	2754	1.7	1.7	0.97	Not significant
	Katz 15 scores at 12 months. Range 0-15, lower score is better	P	2489	1.9	2.0	0.92	.03
Integrated Systematic Care for Older People [56]	12 months follow-up, change in quality of life, Cantril’s ladder (range 0-10, higher is better)	P	842	−0.2	−0.2	1.00	.82
	12 months follow-up, Delta Groningen Activities Restriction Scale (range 18-72, lower score is better).	P	842	2.9	3.5	0.83	.30
Guided Care [57]	Functional health Short Form 36, higher score is better	P	477	36.1	37.5	0.96	Not significant
	Home health care episodes	P	477	0.9	1.3	0.71	<.05
Person-centered Medical Home-Veterans Health Administration [64]	Emergency Department visits per 1000 patients per year (secondary outcome)	Clinic	913	188	245	0.77	<.001

^aP: Patient.