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. 2019 Jul 25;2:274. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0526-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — HIF1α-AMP axis contributed to the microbial homeostasis associated with LGG EPS in high-fat diet-fed zebrafish. a The expression of genes related to hypoxia-inducible factors in the intestines of zebrafish fed with different diets for 4 weeks as measured by q-PCR (n = 6, pool of three zebrafish per sample). b A representative western blotting showing the expression pattern of Hif1α in the intestines. c Intestinal Hif1α levels evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis, the scale bar is 50 μm. Foxo3b-null zebrafish larvae (foxo3b^−/−) and their wild-type siblings (foxo3b^+/+) were fed 1.0% BL23 EPS diet for 7 days. The total bacteria (d) and the relative bacterial abundance of Proteobacteria (e), Fusobacteria (f), Plesiomonas (g), Cetobacterium (h) of the microbiota of the foxo3b-null larvae and their wild-type siblings (n = 3, pool of 20 larvae per sample). The expression pattern of genes related to AMPs i in foxo3b-null larvae and their wild-type siblings as measured by q-PCR (n = 4, pool of 20 larvae per sample). The adult zebrafish fed 1.0% LGG EPS for 2 weeks received intraperitoneal injection of YC-1 (an HIF-1α inhibitor; APExBIO, B7641) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (2 mg/kg) once every 2 days for another 6 days. The expression of HIF-1α (j), and AMPs (k), in intestines as measured by q-PCR (n = 3 or 4, pool of three zebrafish per sample). l The number of total bacteria, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria in intestinal contents of zebrafish (n = 4 or 5). Serum ALT (m) and serum AST (n) in zebrafsh. o The expression of apoptotic factors in intestines as measured by q-PCR (n = 4–6, pool of three zebrafish per sample). p The expression of genes related to hypoxia-inducible factors as measured by q-PCR in germ-free larvae fed with sterile control diet, high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD supplemented with 1.0% BL23 EPS or LGG EPS for 1 week (n = 4, pool of 20 larvae per sample). Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Graph bars labeled with different letters on top represent statistically significant results (P < 0.05), whereas bars with the same letter indicates non-significant differences