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. 2019 Jul 25;2:274. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0526-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Butyrate further supported the differentiated state of microbiotas associated with LGG EPS or BL23 EPS. Adult zebrafish (1-month-old) were fed with the control diet, HF diet, or HF diet supplemented with 1.0% BL23 EPS or 1.0% LGG EPS for 4 weeks. Intestinal acetate levels (a), propionate levels (b), isobutyrate levels (c), butyrate levels (d) in zebrafish fed different diets which was performed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (n = 3). e The O₂ concentration in the intestinal mucosa layer of zebrafish fed with different diets for 4 weeks (n = 3). f Representative images of hypoxyprobe immunostaining in the intestine of zebrafish fed with different diets for 4 weeks. The scale bar is 50 μm. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Graph bars labelled with different letters on top represent statistically significant results (P < 0.05), whereas bars with the same letter corresponds to results that show no statistically significant differences