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. 2019 Jul 25;9:10818. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47198-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Simulation model results of 5000 market simulations. (A) The distribution of groups observed from the resulting co-bidding networks in the binned coherence-exclusivity feature space. (B) The rate of collusion by groups with given coherence-exclusivity. The model suggests that high coherence and exclusivity groups are not common, but that they have significantly higher rates of collusion.