FIG 4.

Median-joining network of the P. falciparum k13 haplotypes. (A) Median-joining network of the P. falciparum k13 haplotypes using 982 cosmopolitan complete sequences. All the k13 gene sequences obtained here for P. falciparum population samples (n = 463), as well as those available in the PlasmoDB and NCBI databases (n = 519), were included. Branch lengths are proportional to divergence; node sizes are proportional to the total haplotype frequencies. The network shows 147 haplotypes found in 982 sequences with a haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.742 (SD = 0.012). Every color corresponds to a different geographic origin. Lines separating haplotypes represent mutational steps. The four most frequent haplotypes are indicated. (B) Frequencies of candidate/validated mutations in the propeller domain of the Pfk13 gene that have been associated with clinical delayed parasite clearance by country (Table 2). Frequencies were estimated using an alignment constructed with 3,916 partial (n = 2,934) and complete (n = 982) k13 gene sequences. C-M, China-Myanmar.