Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Control (n = 24) | HFpEF (n = 50) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61 ± 12 | 70 ± 11 | 0.004 |
| Female | 11 (46) | 27 (54) | 0.6 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 4.4 | 34.4 ± 6.9 | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 5 (21) | 18 (36) | 0.3 |
| Hypertension | 22 (92) | 48 (96) | 0.6 |
| Coronary disease | 6 (25) | 18 (36) | 0.4 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 (8) | 8 (16) | 0.5 |
| Current or ever smoking | 3 (13) | 14 (28) | 0.2 |
| Medications | |||
| ACEI or ARB | 11 (46) | 33 (66) | 0.1 |
| Beta-blocker | 11 (46) | 33 (66) | 0.1 |
| Loop diuretic | 5 (21) | 20 (40) | 0.1 |
| Laboratories | |||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.9 ± 1.2 | 12.6 ± 1.3 | <0.0001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.0 (0.8–1.1) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 0.01 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 90 (44–429) | 406 (139–1257) | 0.0008 |
| Physical exam | |||
| JVP (<8/8–12/12–16/>16 cm) (n) | 24/0/0/0 | 26/15/2/7 | 0.0007 |
| Rales (n) | 0 | 2 | 1.0 |
| Oedema (none/mild/mod-sev) (n) | 23/1/0 | 30/13/7 | 0.006 |
| NYHA class | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.5 | 0.01 |
| Echocardiography | |||
| LV diastolic dimension (mm) | 48 ± 6 | 48 ± 6 | 0.7 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 60 ± 9 | 62 ± 8 | 0.4 |
| E/e′ ratio | 7.5 (6.8–10.0) | 14.3 (10.2–17.9) | <0.0001 |
| RV e′ (cm/s) | 11 ± 5 | 12 ± 9 | 0.6 |
| RV s′ (cm/s) | 12 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 | 0.3 |
| Resting haemodynamics | |||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 68 ± 13 | 67 ± 10 | 0.7 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 139 ± 24 | 150 ± 21 | 0.1 |
| Mean BP (mmHg) | 91 ± 13 | 96 ± 13 | 0.2 |
| RA pressure (mmHg) | 4 ± 2 | 10 ± 4 | <0.0001 |
| PA systolic pressure (mmHg) | 27 ± 6 | 41 ± 12 | <0.0001 |
| PA mean pressure (mmHg) | 16 ± 4 | 27 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| PCWP (mmHg) | 7 ± 3 | 17 ± 6 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 5.2 ± 1.8 | 5.1 ± 1.2 | 0.8 |
| PVR (WU) | 1.9 ± 0.8 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 0.5 |
| PA compliance (mL/mmHg) | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 0.03 |
| Ventilatory performance | |||
| VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 2.9 ± 0.6 | 2.5 ± 0.7 | 0.01 |
| VE (L/min) | 7.2 ± 1.8 | 8.1 ± 2.7 | 0.1 |
| VT (mL) | 517 ± 197 | 484 ± 153 | 0.5 |
| Respiratory rate (/min) | 15 ± 4 | 17 ± 5 | 0.03 |
| VE/VCO2 ratio | 37.2 ± 4.5 | 40.0 ± 7.4 | 0.06 |
| VT/TI | 451 ± 139 | 541 ± 274 | 0.07 |
| VD/VT | 0.40 ± 0.09 | 0.44 ± 0.11 | 0.10 |
| Blood gas data | |||
| Arterial pH | 7.41 ± 0.03 | 7.39 ± 0.04 | 0.1 |
| Arterial pCO2 (mmHg) | 39 ± 4 | 40 ± 4 | 0.2 |
| Arterial pO2 (mmHg) | 80 ± 12 | 71 ± 10 | 0.003 |
| PA pH | 7.38 ± 0.03 | 7.37 ± 0.04 | 0.1 |
| PA pCO2 (mmHg) | 42 ± 4 | 44 ± 3 | 0.1 |
| PA pO2 (mmHg) | 39 ± 4 | 35 ± 3 | 0.002 |
Data are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n (%).
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin-receptor blockers; BP, blood pressure; E/e′ ratio, the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; JVP, jugular venous pressure; LV, left ventricular; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association; PA, pulmonary artery; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RA, right atrial; RV e′ and s′, early diastolic and systolic tissue velocities at the lateral tricuspid annulus; TI, inspiratory time; VD, pulmonary dead space; VE, minute ventilation; VT, tidal volume; VCO2, carbon dioxide volume; VO2, oxygen consumption volume.