Table 2.
Haemodynamics, symptoms, ventilatory performance, gas exchange, and right ventricular function during submaximal exercise (20 W)
| Control (n = 24) | HFpEF (n = 50) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haemodynamics | |||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 91 ± 14 | 88 ± 14 | 0.4 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 167 ± 29 | 175 ± 26 | 0.3 |
| RA pressure (mmHg) | 8 ± 3 | 21 ± 5 | <0.0001 |
| PA systolic pressure (mmHg) | 37 ± 10 | 66 ± 12 | <0.0001 |
| PA mean pressure (mmHg) | 25 ± 7 | 47 ± 10 | <0.0001 |
| PCWP (mmHg) | 14 ± 5 | 31 ± 5 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 2.0 | 0.005 |
| PVR (WU) | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 1.2 | 0.0002 |
| PA compliance (mL/mmHg) | 4.8 ± 2.3 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 0.0002 |
| Exertional symptoms | |||
| Borg effort (6–20) | 11.6 ± 2.3 | 13.4 ± 2.7 | 0.004 |
| Borg dyspnoea (0–10) | 3.2 ± 1.7 | 4.5 ± 2.2 | 0.008 |
| Ventilatory performance | |||
| VE (L/min) | 18.8 ± 4.8 | 22.0 ± 7.1 | 0.03 |
| Respiratory rate (/min) | 22 ± 7 | 28 ± 9 | 0.005 |
| VT (mL) | 882 ± 179 | 808 ± 182 | 0.1 |
| VE/VCO2 ratio | 31.8 ± 5.1 | 35.9 ± 7.1 | 0.006 |
| VT/TI | 973 ± 226 | 1186 ± 386 | 0.004 |
| VD/VT | 0.30 ± 0.08 | 0.35 ± 0.11 | 0.03 |
| Metabolism and gas exchange | |||
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 0.91 ± 0.13 | 0.97 ± 0.13 | 0.1 |
| VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 6.7 ± 1.9 | 0.0007 |
| Arterial pH | 7.39 ± 0.03 | 7.39 ± 0.04 | 1.0 |
| Arterial pCO2 (mmHg) | 39 ± 5 | 38 ± 4 | 0.4 |
| Arterial pO2 (mmHg) | 79 ± 12 | 72 ± 12 | 0.02 |
| PA pH | 7.35 ± 0.03 | 7.33 ± 0.04 | 0.01 |
| PA pCO2 (mmHg) | 45 ± 6 | 48 ± 6 | 0.05 |
| PA pO2 (mmHg) | 30 ± 4 | 24 ± 3 | <0.0001 |
| RV function | |||
| RV e′ (cm/s) | 13 ± 5 | 11 ± 5 | 0.3 |
| RV s′ (cm/s) | 13 ± 4 | 10 ± 3 | 0.004 |
Data are mean ± SD.
BP, blood pressure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PA, pulmonary artery; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RA, right atrial; RV e’ and s’, early diastolic and systolic tissue velocities at the lateral tricuspid annulus; TI, inspiratory time; VD, pulmonary dead space; VE, minute ventilation; VT, tidal volume; VCO2, carbon dioxide volume; VO2, oxygen consumption volume.