Table 3.
Haemodynamics, symptoms, ventilatory performance, gas exchange, and right ventricular function during peak exercise
| Control (n = 24) | HFpEF (n = 50) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Haemodynamics | |||
| Heart rate (b.p.m.) | 121 ± 18 | 97 ± 15 | <0.0001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 184 ± 25 | 185 ± 30 | 0.8 |
| RA pressure (mmHg) | 8 ± 4 | 22 ± 6 | <0.0001 |
| PA systolic pressure (mmHg) | 41 ± 9 | 70 ± 13 | <0.0001 |
| PA mean pressure (mmHg) | 27 ± 6 | 48 ± 8 | <0.0001 |
| PCWP (mmHg) | 14 ± 5 | 34 ± 6 | <0.0001 |
| Cardiac output (L/min) | 11.8 ± 3.9 | 8.1 ± 2.8 | 0.0002 |
| PVR (WU) | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 0.001 |
| PA compliance (mL/mmHg) | 4.3 ± 1.7 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 0.0002 |
| Exertional symptoms | |||
| Borg effort (6–20) | 17.1 ± 2.7 | 17.0 ± 1.9 | 0.9 |
| Borg dyspnoea (0–10) | 7.4 ± 1.9 | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 1.0 |
| Ventilatory performance | |||
| VE (L/min) | 39.7 ± 13.8 | 28.3 ± 8.9 | 0.0008 |
| Respiratory rate (/min) | 31 ± 8 | 31 ± 10 | 0.9 |
| VT (mL) | 1337 ± 471 | 939 ± 278 | 0.0006 |
| VE/VCO2 slope | 32.9 ± 5.3 | 36.0 ± 7.7 | 0.04 |
| VT/TI ratio | 1874 ± 119 | 1511 ± 495 | 0.01 |
| VD/VT ratio | 0.25 ± 0.09 | 0.33 ± 0.11 | 0.002 |
| Metabolism and gas exchange | |||
| Respiratory exchange ratio | 1.08 ± 0.10 | 1.03 ± 0.12 | 0.1 |
| VO2 (mL/kg/min) | 14.2 ± 4.0 | 8.1 ± 2.4 | <0.0001 |
| Arterial pH | 7.38 ± 0.04 | 7.38 ± 0.05 | 0.6 |
| Arterial pCO2 (mmHg) | 36 ± 4 | 37 ± 4 | 0.1 |
| Arterial pO2 (mmHg) | 84 ± 12 | 72 ± 14 | 0.0005 |
| PA pH | 7.31 ± 0.04 | 7.31 ± 0.05 | 0.7 |
| PA pCO2 (mmHg) | 49 ± 7 | 51 ± 6 | 0.3 |
| PA pO2 (mmHg) | 27 ± 4 | 23 ± 5 | 0.0007 |
| RV function | |||
| RV e′ (cm/s) | 19 ± 9 | 12 ± 6 | 0.02 |
| RV s′ (cm/s) | 14 ± 4 | 11 ± 3 | 0.01 |
Data are mean ± SD.
BP, blood pressure; HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; PA, pulmonary artery; PCWP, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; RA, right atrial; RV e’ and s’, early diastolic and systolic tissue velocities at the lateral tricuspid annulus; TI, inspiratory time; VD, pulmonary dead space; VE, minute ventilation; VT, tidal volume; VCO2, carbon dioxide volume; VO2, oxygen consumption volume.