Table 3.
Linguistic variables
| Language variable | PAA baseline | PAA follow-up | AOS+PAA baseline | AOS+PAA follow-up | Baseline-to-baseline | Follow-up to follow-up | PAA follow-up to AOS+PAA baseline |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Writing | |||||||
| Word count | 48.00 (36.25, 68.75) | 9.00 (5.50, 15.50) | 38.00 (30.50, 48.50) | 24.00 (16.00, 33.00) | 0.053 (0.344) | 0.015 (0.04) | 0 (0.003) |
| Mean length of utterance | 9.07 (6.83, 9.96) | 2.83 (1.58, 4.75) | 7.12 (6.27, 9.65) | 6.00 (5.50, 7.00) | 0.378 (0.615) | 0.009 (0.028) | 0.001 (0.003) |
| Utterances | 6.00 (6.00, 7.00) | 4.00 (3.00, 6.00) | 6.00 (4.00, 7.00) | 5.00 (4.00, 5.00) | 0.259 (0.615) | 0.687 (0.77) | 0.108 (0.176) |
| Noun ratio | 0.35 (0.33, 0.36) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.80) | 0.33 (0.31, 0.38) | 0.35 (0.31, 0.45) | 0.62 (0.806) | 0.008 (0.028) | 0.004 (0.01) |
| Verb ratio | 0.14 (0.13, 0.16) | 0.17 (0.13, 0.25) | 0.15 (0.14, 0.18) | 0.19 (0.17, 0.22) | 0.345 (0.615) | 0.525 (0.759) | 0.453 (0.589) |
| Function word ratio | 0.38 (0.32, 0.40) | 0.07 (0.00, 0.28) | 0.33 (0.26, 0.39) | 0.31 (0.24, 0.33) | 0.229 (0.615) | 0.073 (0.158) | 0.008 (0.018) |
| Complex utterance ratio | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.527 (0.762) | 0.323 (0.525) | 0.336 (0.485) |
| Semantic error ratio | 0.03 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.03) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.014 (0.181) | 0.603 (0.77) | 0.793 (0.859) |
| Syntactic error ratio | 0.03 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) | 0.04 (0.00, 0.12) | 0.696 (0.823) | 0.966 (0.966) | 1 (1) |
| Correct verb ratio | 0.84 (0.75, 0.97) | 0.75 (0.28, 1.00) | 0.83 (0.67, 1.00) | 0.75 (0.33, 1.00) | 0.782 (0.847) | 0.71 (0.77) | 0.748 (0.859) |
| Grammatical utterance ratio | 0.33 (0.29, 0.63) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.25) | 0.40 (0.20, 0.60) | 0.25 (0.00, 0.50) | 0.96 (0.96) | 0.156 (0.29) | 0.032 (0.06) |
| Non-utterance ratio | 0.17 (0.00, 0.19) | 1.00 (0.58, 1.00) | 0.20 (0.00, 0.40) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.20) | 0.341 (0.615) | 0.002 (0.023) | 0.001 (0.003) |
| Ungrammatical utterance ratio | 0.50 (0.20, 0.63) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.29 (0.14, 0.50) | 0.50 (0.33, 0.75) | 0.204 (0.615) | 0.004 (0.023) | 0.003 (0.01) |
| Speaking | |||||||
| Word count | 78.00 (59.75, 85.25) | 28.50 (13.75, 43.25) | 52.00 (38.00, 75.00) | 39.50 (27.25, 57.00) | 0.084 (0.544) | 0.183 (0.281) | 0.084 (0.544) |
| Mean length of utterance | 8.08 (7.11, 9.77) | 3.65 (2.00, 6.65) | 7.57 (5.80, 9.00) | 5.82 (4.66, 8.38) | 0.428 (0.565) | 0.124 (0.231) | 0.428 (0.565) |
| Utterances | 9.00 (8.00, 13.75) | 8.50 (7.75, 9.50) | 8.00 (7.00, 9.00) | 7.00 (6.00, 10.00) | 0.083 (0.544) | 0.681 (0.738) | 0.083 (0.544) |
| Noun ratio | 0.28 (0.25, 0.34) | 0.48 (0.42, 0.64) | 0.31 (0.27, 0.38) | 0.31 (0.25, 0.38) | 0.356 (0.565) | 0.005 (0.039) | 0.356 (0.565) |
| Verb ratio | 0.15 (0.12, 0.16) | 0.15 (0.12, 0.18) | 0.17 (0.13, 0.18) | 0.17 (0.15, 0.23) | 0.304 (0.565) | 0.195 (0.281) | 0.304 (0.565) |
| Function word ratio | 0.37 (0.34, 0.38) | 0.19 (0.15, 0.39) | 0.35 (0.28, 0.38) | 0.34 (0.24, 0.44) | 0.237 (0.565) | 0.116 (0.231) | 0.237 (0.565) |
| Complex utterance ratio | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.706 (0.706) | 0.305 (0.375) | 0.706 (0.706) |
| Semantic error ratio | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.05) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.137 (0.565) | 0.971 (0.971) | 0.137 (0.565) |
| Syntactic error ratio | 0.02 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.15) | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.00, 0.10) | 0.362 (0.565) | 0.317 (0.375) | 0.362 (0.565) |
| Correct verb ratio | 0.87 (0.83, 1.00) | 0.33 (0.12, 0.66) | 0.87 (0.75, 0.99) | 0.85 (0.67, 0.98) | 0.435 (0.565) | 0.077 (0.2) | 0.435 (0.565) |
| Grammatical utterance ratio | 0.57 (0.41, 0.79) | 0.06 (0.00, 0.13) | 0.50 (0.25, 0.62) | 0.41 (0.10, 0.50) | 0.193 (0.565) | 0.024 (0.078) | 0.193 (0.565) |
| Non-utterance ratio | 0.18 (0.00, 0.31) | 0.94 (0.77, 1.00) | 0.17 (0.00, 0.43) | 0.18 (0.15, 0.46) | 0.616 (0.668) | 0.006 (0.039) | 0.616 (0.668) |
| Ungrammatical utterance ratio | 0.19 (0.14, 0.34) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.09) | 0.25 (0.15, 0.43) | 0.36 (0.21, 0.43) | 0.49 (0.579) | 0.024 (0.078) | 0.49 (0.579) |
Bold values were significant after FDR correction for multiple comparisons. Values are shown as median (q1, q3). Data were available for 91% of PAA patients at baseline and 100% at follow-up, and 100% of AOS-PAA patients at baseline and follow-up.