Table 1.

Cohort characteristics (N = 35,621)

		Entire Cohort		No Opioid		Any Opioid Use		P—Comparing No Opioid Use and Any Opioid Use
Variable	Level	No.*	%†	No.*	%†	No.*	%†	P‡
Demographic characteristics
Age, y	18–25	7,482	21	5,933	20.96	1,549	21.19	0.366
	26–35	18,961	53.23	15,130	53.44	3,831	52.4
	36–45	6,150	17.27	4,835	17.08	1,315	17.99
	46–55	2,596	7.29	2,065	7.29	531	7.26
	>55	432	1.21	347	1.23	85	1.16
Race	White	24,889	69.87	19,632	69.35	5,257	71.91	<0.0001
	Nonwhite	5,906	16.58	4,707	16.63	1,199	16.4
	Unknown	4,826	13.55	3,971	14.03	855	11.69
Marital status	Married	14,160	39.75	11,235	39.69	2,925	40.01	<0.0001
	Not married	16,675	46.81	13,421	47.41	3,254	44.51
	Unknown	4,786	13.44	3,654	12.91	1,132	15.48
Gender	Female	2,053	5.76	1,567	5.54	486	6.65	0.0003
	Male	33,568	94.24	26,743	94.46	6,825	93.35
Education	BS or higher	1,991	5.59	1,695	5.99	296	4.05	<0.0001
	High school	31,222	87.65	24,702	87.26	6,520	89.18
	Some college	2,408	6.76	1,913	6.76	495	6.77
Rural/urban status	Urban	28,267	79.35	22,464	79.35	5,803	79.37	0.9886
	Large rural	4,099	11.51	3,253	11.49	846	11.57
	Small rural	1,860	5.22	1,480	5.23	380	5.2
	Isolated small rural	1,395	3.92	1,113	3.93	282	3.86
Military characteristics
Rank while in military	Enlisted	34,386	96.53	27,260	96.29	7,126	97.47	<0.0001
	Officer	1,095	3.07	937	3.31	158	2.16
	Warrant Officer	140	0.39	113	0.4	27	0.37
Military component	Guard	7,122	19.99	5,770	20.38	1,352	18.49	0.0005
	Active	24,570	68.98	19,396	68.51	5,174	70.77
	Reserve	3,929	11.03	3,144	11.11	785	10.74
Branch of military	Army	24,975	70.11	19,604	69.25	5,371	73.46	<0.0001
	Air Force	1,383	3.88	1,099	3.88	284	3.88
	Marines	7,006	19.67	5,809	20.52	1,197	16.37
	Navy	2,257	6.34	1,798	6.35	459	6.28
Clinical characteristics
PTSD diagnosis	No	17,401	48.85	13,875	38.95	3,526	9.9	0.2329
	Yes	18,220	51.15	11,435	40.52	3,785	10.63
Depression	No	25,028	70.26	19,998	56.14	5,030	14.12	0.0022
Diagnosis	Yes	2,281	10,593	8,312	23.33	2,281	6.4
Alcohol disorder	No	30,752	86.33	24,436	68.6	6,316	17,073	0.8600
	Yes	4,869	13.67	3,874	10.88	995	2.79
Nonopioid SUD	No	33,549	94.18	26,724	75.02	6,825	19.16	0.0007
	Yes	2,072	5.82	1,586	4.45	486	1.36
Opioid SUD	No	35,204	98.83	27,995	78.59	7,209	20.24	0.0453
	Yes	417	1.17	315	0.88	102	0.29
Tobacco use	No	30,271	84.98	24,060	67.54	6,211	17.44	0.9431
	Yes	4,250	11.93	1,100	3.09	5,350	15.02
Painful conditions
At least 1 chronic	No	30,481	85.57	24,370	68.41	6,111	17.16	<0.0001
Condition	Yes	5,140	14.43	3,940	11.06	1,200	3.37
Neck pain	No	35,210	98.85	28,005	78.62	7,205	20.23	0.0078
	Yes	411	1.15	305	0.86	106	0.3
Back pain	No	33,434	93.86	26,699	74.95	6,735	18.91	<0.0001
	Yes	2,187	6.14	1,611	4.52	576	1.62
Arthritis/joint pain	No	33,099	92.92	26,410	74.14	6,689	18.78	<0.0001
	Yes	2,522	7.08	1,900	5.33	622	1.75
Headache/migraine pain	No	34,024	95.52	27,039	75.91	6,985	19.61	0.9104
	Yes	1,271	3.57	326	0.92	1,597	4.48
Neuropathic pain	No	35,386	99.34	28,143	79.01	7,243	20.33	0.0014
	Yes	235	0.66	167	0.47	68	0.19
Amputation pain	No	35,542	99.78	28,245	79.29	7,297	20.49	0.5369
	Yes	79	0.22	65	0.18	14	0.04
Opioid use
Opioid	No	28,310	79.48	28,310	100	0	0	<0.0001
	Yes	7,311	20.52	0	0	7,311	100
Chronic opioids	No	33,921	95.23	28,310	100	5,611	76.75	<0.0001
	Yes	1,700	4.77	0	0	1,700	23.25
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	P
CCI score		0.0789	0.34	0.08	0.33	0.08	0.37	0.6100
Age at index		31.88	8.13	31.86	8.13	31.96	8.16	0.3500

CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; SUD = substance use disorder.

^*Some numbers do not add up to total number of patients because of missing data.

^†Some percentages do not add up to 100 because of rounding.

^‡P value is the difference between no opioid use and any opioid use.