Table 3.

Model of chronic opioid use among opioid initiators (N = 6,518)^*

Variable	Level	Odds ratio	95% CI		P
Demographic characteristics
Age, y	18–25	0.990	0.867	1.131	0.885
	26–35	Ref
	36–45	1.310	1.145	1.499	<0.0001
	46–55	1.026	0.826	1.274	0.8187
	56–65	1.095	0.665	1.803	0.7213
Race	Nonwhite	0.593	0.507	0.695	<0.0001
	Unknown	1.895	1.626	2.163	<0.0001
	White	Ref
Married	Married	1.273	1.134	1.429	<0.0001
	Unknown	1.875	1.626	2.163	<0.0001
	Not married	Ref
Gender	Female	0.840	0.662	1.066	0.151
	Male	Ref
Education	BS or above	0.495	0.342	0.716	0.0002
	Some college	0.996	0.817	1.214	0.9689
	High school	Ref
Rural/urban status	Isolated rural	1.113	0.860	1.440	0.4165
	Large rural	1.156	0.990	1.350	0.0675
	Small rural	1.334	1.084	1.641	0.0065
	Urban	Ref
Military characteristics
Rank while in military	Officer	1.064	0.413	2.743	0.8974
	Warrant Officer	Ref
	Enlisted	0.996	0.817	1.214	0.6804
Military component	Guard	1.040	0.873	1.238	0.0097
	Reserve	Ref
	Active	0.768	0.629	0.938	0.6624
Branch of military	Air Force	1.344	0.950	1.900	0.0948
	Marines	1.560	1.199	1.952	0.5204
	Navy	Ref
	Army	0.915	0.697	1.200	0.0006
Clinical characteristics
Depression diagnosis	Yes vs no	0.975	0.867	1.097	0.6776
PTSD diagnosis	Yes vs no	1.008	0.905	1.122	0.8853
Alcohol disorder	Yes vs no	0.843	0.708	1.003	0.0546
Nonopioid SUD	Yes vs no	0.845	0.649	1.099	0.2088
Opioid SUD	Yes vs no	1.462	0.909	2.353	0.1171
Tobacco use	Yes vs no	0.835	0.716	0.973	0.0213
Painful conditions
Neck pain	Yes vs no	1.277	0.822	1.982	0.2766
Back pain	Yes vs no	1.366	1.110	1.670	0.0027
Arthritis/joint pain	Yes vs no	1.082	0.884	1.324	0.4470
Headache/migraine pain	Yes vs no	0.639	0.477	0.855	0.0026
Neuropathic pain	Yes vs no	1.353	0.783	2.337	0.2784
Amputation pain	Yes vs no	1.076	0.424	2.734	0.8770

CI = confidence interval; PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder; SUD = substance use disorder.

^*All models controlled for physical health comorbidities with the Charlson Comorbidity Score.