Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population (N = 156 624) According to Different Combinations of Body Mass Index and WCa.
| Variable | No. (%) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal Weight | Overweight | Obesity | |||||||
| Normal WC | High WC | P Value | Normal WC | High WC | P Value | Normal WC | High WC | P Value | |
| Participants | 52 735 (33.7) | 1390 (0.9) | NA | 36 337 (23.2) | 18 572 (11.9) | NA | 4957 (3.2) | 42 633 (27.2) | NA |
| Age at baseline, mean (SD), y | 63.3 (7.4) | 65.4 (7.1) | <.001 | 63.1 (7.2) | 64.5 (7.1) | <.001 | 62.2 (7.2) | 62.6 (6.9) | <.001 |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||||
| White | 46 031 (87.3) | 1223 (88.0) | <.001 | 29 833 (82.1) | 15 754 (84.8) | <.001 | 3544 (71.5) | 32 914(77.2) | <.001 |
| Black | 2124 (4.0) | 83 (6.0) | 3084 (8.5) | 1555 (8.4) | 844 (17.0) | 6473(15.2) | |||
| Hispanic | 1523 (2.9) | 26 (1.9) | 1790 (4.9) | 629 (3.4) | 388 (7.8) | 1963(4.6) | |||
| Other | 2911 (5.5) | 52 (3.7) | 1541 (4.2) | 584 (3.1) | 174 (3.5) | 1185 (2.8) | |||
| Missing | 146 (0.3) | 6 (0.4) | 89 (0.2) | 50 (0.3) | 7 (0.1) | 98 (0.2) | |||
| Education | |||||||||
| ≤High school | 13 959 (26.5) | 461 (33.2) | <.001 | 11 521 (31.7) | 6480 (34.9) | <.001 | 1756 (35.4) | 16 876 (39.6) | <.001 |
| Some college | 13 641 (25.9) | 365 (26.3) | 10 061 (27.7) | 5256 (28.3) | 1361 (27.5) | 12 446 (29.2) | |||
| College | 6962 (13.2) | 145 (10.4) | 3970 (10.9) | 1909 (10.3) | 465 (9.4) | 3465 (8.1) | |||
| Postgraduate | 17 789 (33.7) | 413 (29.7) | 10 496 (28.9) | 4787 (25.8) | 1331 (26.9) | 9526 (22.3) | |||
| Missing | 384 (0.7) | 6 (0.4) | 289 (0.8) | 140 (0.8) | 44 (0.9) | 320 (0.8) | |||
| Income, $ | |||||||||
| <20 000 | 5991 (11.4) | 268 (19.3) | <.001 | 4900 (13.5) | 3385 (18.2) | <.001 | 792 (16.0) | 9034 (21.2) | <.001 |
| 20 000-49 999 | 20 190 (38.3) | 605 (43.5) | 15 183 (41.8) | 8285 (44.6) | 2069 (41.7) | 19 146 (44.9) | |||
| ≥50 000 | 22 774 (43.2) | 417 (30.0) | 13 838 (38.1) | 5723 (30.8) | 1742 (35.1) | 11 786 (27.7) | |||
| Missing | 3780 (7.2) | 100 (7.2) | 2416 (6.7) | 1179 (6.4) | 354 (7.1) | 2667 (6.3) | |||
| NSES, mean (SD) | 77.3 (7.7) | 75.9 (8.1) | <.001 | 75.9 (8.3) | 75.4 (8.7) | <.001 | 74.0 (9.7) | 73.7 (9.5) | .02 |
| WHI component | |||||||||
| Randomized clinical trials | 17 493 (33.2) | 532 (38.3) | <.001 | 15 399 (42.4) | 8535 (46.0) | <.001 | 2324 (46.9) | 22 391 (52.5) | <.001 |
| Observational study | 35 242 (66.8) | 858 (61.7) | 20 938 (57.6) | 10 037 (54.0) | 2633 (53.1) | 20 242 (47.5) | |||
| Unopposed estrogen usage status | |||||||||
| Never used | 33 770 (64.0) | 862 (62.0) | <.001 | 22 946 (63.2) | 11 727 (63.1) | <.001 | 3166 (63.9) | 28 366 (66.5) | <.001 |
| Past user | 6478 (12.3) | 228 (16.4) | 4502 (12.4) | 2683 (14.5) | 560 (11.3) | 5692 (13.4) | |||
| Current user | 12 487 (23.7) | 300 (21.6) | 8889 (24.5) | 4162 (22.4) | 1231 (24.8) | 8575 (20.1) | |||
| Estrogen plus progestin usage status | |||||||||
| Never used | 35 285 (66.9) | 1063 (76.5) | <.001 | 26 294 (72.4) | 14 526 (78.2) | <.001 | 3810 (79.9) | 34 778 (81.6) | <.001 |
| Past user | 5020 (9.5) | 106 (7.6) | 3288 (9.1) | 1566 (8.4) | 386 (7.8) | 3029 (7.1) | |||
| Current user | 12430 (23.6) | 221 (15.9) | 6755 (18.6) | 2480 (13.4) | 761 (15.4) | 4826 (11.3) | |||
| Smoking status | |||||||||
| Never smoked | 26 958 (51.1) | 591 (42.5) | <.001 | 18 908 (52.0) | 8635 (46.5) | <.001 | 2812 (56.7) | 21 143 (49.6) | <.001 |
| Past smoker | 21 110 (40.0) | 615 (44.2) | 14 854 (40.9) | 8091 (43.6) | 1857 (37.5) | 18 464 (43.3) | |||
| Current smoker | 3995 (7.6) | 166 (11.9) | 2104 (5.8) | 1601 (8.6) | 226 (4.6) | 2454 (5.8) | |||
| Missing | 672 (1.3) | 18 (1.3) | 471 (1.3) | 245 (1.3) | 62 (1.3) | 572 (1.3) | |||
| Physical activity, MET-h/wk | |||||||||
| <10 | 21 218 (40.2) | 737 (53.0) | <.001 | 17 375 (47.8) | 10 438 (56.2) | <.001 | 2743 (55.3) | 28 415 (66.7) | <.001 |
| ≥10 | 29 430 (55.8) | 591 (42.5) | 17 108 (47.1) | 7238 (39.0) | 1967 (39.7) | 12 044 (28.3) | |||
| Missing | 2087 (4.0) | 62 (4.5) | 1854 (5.1) | 896 (4.8) | 247 (5.0) | 2174 (5.1) | |||
| Total energy intake, mean (SD), kcal/d | 1539 (559) | 1625 (610) | <.001 | 1607 (609) | 1662 (644) | <.001 | 1664 (664) | 1796 (737) | <.001 |
| Alcohol intake | |||||||||
| Nondrinker | 16 422 (31.1) | 509 (36.6) | <.001 | 13 151 (36.2) | 7390 (39.8) | <.001 | 2230 (45.0) | 21 917 (51.4) | <.001 |
| Moderate drinking | 26 157 (49.6) | 596 (42.9) | 17 929 (49.3) | 8260 (44.5) | 2226 (44.9) | 16 494 (38.7) | |||
| Heavy drinking | 8625 (16.4) | 243 (17.5) | 4191 (11.5) | 2368 (12.8) | 337 (6.8) | 2894 (6.8) | |||
| Missing | 1531 (2.9) | 42 (3.0) | 1066 (2.9) | 554 (3.0) | 164 (3.3) | 1328 (3.1) | |||
| AHEI-2010 score, mean (SD) | 52.4 (11.2) | 49.9 (11.3) | <.001 | 50.2 (10.8) | 48.6 (10.7) | <.001 | 48.82 (10.5) | 46.6 (10.4) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: AHEI, Alternative Healthy Eating Index; MET-h, metabolic equivalent of task hours; NA, not available; NSES, neighborhood socioeconomic status; WC, waist circumference; WHI, Women’s Health Initiative.
a
Body mass index calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and categorized as normal weight (18.5-24.9), overweight (25.0-29.9), and obesity (≥30.0). Waist circumference categorized as normal (≤88 cm) and high (>88 cm).