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. 2019 Jul 26;7:120. doi: 10.1186/s40478-019-0777-4

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 3 — Super-resolution imaging of aggregates present in CSF using AD-PAINT. a Schematic of AD PAINT. Dye-labelled DNA imaging strands transiently bind to their complementary target sequence (docking strand), which is attached to a protein aggregate via aptamer. This transient binding between imaging and docking strand is detected. Repeated cycles of binding and unbinding allows a super-resolved image of individual protein aggregate present in CSF to be determined. The right image shows examples of super-resolved image of protein aggregates from CSF. Three individual protein aggregates present in CSF are enlarged. The lengths of the aggregates shown are: (i) 47 nm, (ii) 34 nm and (iii) 118 nm. b Number of aggregates present in control, MCI and AD CSF samples. Each point represents one field of view. c Cumulative frequency histograms of the size distributions of all aggregates measured. d, e Differences between normalised histograms of the size distributions of the indicated CSF samples. f, g Differences between the cumulative frequency histograms of the size distributions of the indicated CSF samples. The dotted line indicates 99% confidence using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test. (n = 6 AD, 6 MCI, 6 control CSF)