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. 2019 May 7;48(3):849–860. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyz071

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 2. — Results from observational and Mendelian randomization analyses.

Numbers represent effect size per additional hour/day of sleep duration; Exp(Beta), exponentiated beta (represents multiplicative effect size, e.g. an exponentiated beta of 1.03 in reaction time represents an estimated 3% increased/slower reaction time); P Pleiotropy, P-value for overall horizontal pleiotropic effect as indicated by the intercept from MR-Egger regression; Obs-unadjusted, unadjusted observational analysis; Obs-adjusted, observational analysis adjusted for age, sex, socio-economic status, qualification, employment, smoking status, alcohol-intake frequency, body mass index, hypertension, co-morbidities and use of sleep-inducing medication; MR-IVW, Mendelian randomization, inverse-variance-weighted; MR-WME, Mendelian randomization, weighted median estimator.