Table 4.
Association between social-demographic factors and smoking among Malaysian adults aged 15 years and over
| Variable | Adjusted Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 57.92 | 41.00 | 80.41 |
| Female | Ref | ||
| Ethnicity | |||
| Malay | 2.43 | 2.02 | 2.93 |
| Chinese | Ref | ||
| Indian | 1.11 | 0.81 | 1.54 |
| Other Bumiputras | 2.00 | 1.53 | 2.62 |
| Others | 1.86 | 1.40 | 2.48 |
| Age group (years) | |||
| 15-24 | 3.10 | 2.11 | 4.56 |
| 25-44 | 3.92 | 2.95 | 5.22 |
| 45-64 | 2.05 | 1.56 | 2.70 |
| 65 + | Ref | ||
| Income level | |||
| Quintile 1 | 1.28 | 0.93 | 1.64 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.30 | 1.07 | 1.58 |
| Quintile 3 | 1.22 | 1.01 | 1.47 |
| Quintile 4 | 1.33 | 1.11 | 1.59 |
| Quintile 5 | Ref | ||
| Education attainment | |||
| No formal education | 3.28 | 2.27 | 4.75 |
| Primary school | 3.33 | 2.68 | 4.14 |
| Secondary | 2.53 | 2.13 | 2.99 |
| Tertiary | Ref | ||
| Marital Status | |||
| Married | Ref | ||
| Single | 1.01 | 0.84 | 1.23 |
| Divorce/widow/er | 1.09 | 0.76 | 1.58 |
| Occupation | |||
| Government | 1.38 | 1.01 | 1.89 |
| Private | 1.80 | 1.30 | 2.37 |
| Self employed | 1.86 | 1.42 | 2.45 |
| Unpaid worker/homemaker | 0.73 | 0.47 | 1.13 |
| Retiree | Ref | ||
| Residential | |||
| Urban | Ref | ||
| Rural | 1.12 | 0.96 | 1.28 |