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. 2019 Jul 26;9:10848. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47169-6

Table 2.

Multiple-adjusted associations of parental education with waist circumference by sex.

Waist circumference Men Women
Model 1
(β; 95% CI)
p Model 2
(β; 95% CI)
p Model 1
(β; 95% CI)
p Model 2
(β; 95% CI)
p
Father’s education
   Never/low 3.6 (2.1, 5.1) <0.0001 3.4 (1.9, 4.9) <0.0001 1.7 (0.2, 3.1) 0.022 1.6 (0.2, 3.0) 0.022
   Intermediate 2.6 (1.0, 4.1) 0.002 2.4 (0.9, 4.0) 0.003 1.8 (0.62, 3.0) 0.003 1.9 (0.7, 3.1) 0.002
   Higher Reference Reference Reference Reference
Mother’s education
   Never/low 3.4 (1.7, 5.2) 0.0002 3.1 (1.4, 4.9) 0.0004 1.9 (0.1, 3.7) 0.042 1.9 (0.1, 3.6) 0.043
   Intermediate 2.8 (0.4, 5.1) 0.025 2.5 (0.2, 4.9) 0.036 −0.6 (−2.3, 1.1) 0.488 −0.6 (−2.4, 1.1) 0.474
   Higher Reference Reference Reference Reference
Type 2 diabetes Men Women

Model 1

(OR; 95% CI)

p

Model 2

(OR; 95% CI)

p

Model 1

(OR; 95% CI)

p

Model 2

(OR; 95% CI)

p
Father’s education
   Never/low 0.86 (0.51, 1.46) 0.578 0.74 (0.43, 1.30) 0.295 1.36 (0.89, 2.08) 0.147 1.50 (0.96, 2.36) 0.077
   Intermediate 1.06 (0.65, 1.71) 0.818 0.94 (0.58, 1.53) 0.806 0.85 (0.57, 1.28) 0.446 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) 0.494
   Higher Reference Reference Reference Reference
Mother’s education
   Never/low 0.76 (0.40, 1.45) 0.409 0.65 (0.34, 1.27) 0.210 0.91 (0.49, 1.71) 0.772 0.93 (0.48, 1.78) 0.823
   Intermediate 1.21 (0.55, 2.66) 0.627 1.06 (0.48, 2.33) 0.890 0.70 (0.34, 1.45) 0.335 0.75 (0.35, 1.58) 0.441
   Higher Reference Reference Reference Reference

For waist circumference (upper part of the table), beta-coefficients (β), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values were calculated by linear regression. For type 2 diabetes (bottom part of the table), odds ratios, 95% CIs and p-values were calculated by logistic regression. Model 1 accounted for age (years) and study site (5 categories). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking (current or quit/never), physical activity (MET-hours/week), and energy intake (kcal/d), and for waist circumference (cm) in the logistic model.