Table 2.
Multiple-adjusted associations of parental education with waist circumference by sex.
Waist circumference | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 (β; 95% CI) |
p | Model 2 (β; 95% CI) |
p | Model 1 (β; 95% CI) |
p | Model 2 (β; 95% CI) |
p | |
Father’s education | ||||||||
Never/low | 3.6 (2.1, 5.1) | <0.0001 | 3.4 (1.9, 4.9) | <0.0001 | 1.7 (0.2, 3.1) | 0.022 | 1.6 (0.2, 3.0) | 0.022 |
Intermediate | 2.6 (1.0, 4.1) | 0.002 | 2.4 (0.9, 4.0) | 0.003 | 1.8 (0.62, 3.0) | 0.003 | 1.9 (0.7, 3.1) | 0.002 |
Higher | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Mother’s education | ||||||||
Never/low | 3.4 (1.7, 5.2) | 0.0002 | 3.1 (1.4, 4.9) | 0.0004 | 1.9 (0.1, 3.7) | 0.042 | 1.9 (0.1, 3.6) | 0.043 |
Intermediate | 2.8 (0.4, 5.1) | 0.025 | 2.5 (0.2, 4.9) | 0.036 | −0.6 (−2.3, 1.1) | 0.488 | −0.6 (−2.4, 1.1) | 0.474 |
Higher | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Type 2 diabetes | Men | Women | ||||||
Model 1 (OR; 95% CI) |
p |
Model 2 (OR; 95% CI) |
p |
Model 1 (OR; 95% CI) |
p |
Model 2 (OR; 95% CI) |
p | |
Father’s education | ||||||||
Never/low | 0.86 (0.51, 1.46) | 0.578 | 0.74 (0.43, 1.30) | 0.295 | 1.36 (0.89, 2.08) | 0.147 | 1.50 (0.96, 2.36) | 0.077 |
Intermediate | 1.06 (0.65, 1.71) | 0.818 | 0.94 (0.58, 1.53) | 0.806 | 0.85 (0.57, 1.28) | 0.446 | 0.86 (0.56, 1.32) | 0.494 |
Higher | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||
Mother’s education | ||||||||
Never/low | 0.76 (0.40, 1.45) | 0.409 | 0.65 (0.34, 1.27) | 0.210 | 0.91 (0.49, 1.71) | 0.772 | 0.93 (0.48, 1.78) | 0.823 |
Intermediate | 1.21 (0.55, 2.66) | 0.627 | 1.06 (0.48, 2.33) | 0.890 | 0.70 (0.34, 1.45) | 0.335 | 0.75 (0.35, 1.58) | 0.441 |
Higher | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
For waist circumference (upper part of the table), beta-coefficients (β), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values were calculated by linear regression. For type 2 diabetes (bottom part of the table), odds ratios, 95% CIs and p-values were calculated by logistic regression. Model 1 accounted for age (years) and study site (5 categories). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking (current or quit/never), physical activity (MET-hours/week), and energy intake (kcal/d), and for waist circumference (cm) in the logistic model.