Table 3.
Multiple-adjusted associations of leg length (cm) and leg length-to-height ratio with waist circumference by sex.
Leg length (cm) | β coefficient (95% confidence interval) | p trend | β per 1 SD decrease (95% CI) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||||
Leg length (cm) | ||||||||
Men | ||||||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 86.6 ± 13.3 | 87.7 ± 11.3 | 88.0 ± 12.0 | 88.3 ± 11.8 | 89.8 ± 11.5 | |||
Model 1 | −3.88 (−5.27, −2.49) | −2.96 (−4.35, −1.57) | −2.15 (−3.55, −0.76) | −1.72 (−3.10, −0.33) | 1.00 | <0.0001 | −1.36 (−1.80, −0.91) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | −3.87 (−5.25, −2.48) | −2.99 (−4.38, −1.61) | −2.13 (−3.52, −0.75) | −1.73 (−3.11, −0.35) | 1.00 | <0.0001 | −1.35 (−1.79, −0.92) | <0.0001 |
Model 3 | 4.05 (1.77, 6.33) | 2.42 (0.58, 4.26) | 1.79 (0.15, 3.42) | 0.84 (−0.64, 2.32) | 1.00 | 0.0003 | 1.72 (0.89, 2.55) | <0.0001 |
Women | ||||||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 91.3 ± 12.6 | 91.7 ± 11.9 | 91.8 ± 13.6 | 93.2 ± 12.3 | 93.7 ± 12.9 | |||
Model 1 | −2.89 (−4.14, −1.64) | −2.31 (−3.57, −1.05) | −2.10 (−3.38, −0.83) | −0.73 (−1.99, 0.53) | 1.00 | <0.0001 | −1.10 (−1.49, −0.70) | <0.0001 |
Model 2 | −2.90 (−4.15, −1.65) | −2.31 (−3.57, −1.06) | −2.13 (−3.40, −0.86) | −0.76 (−2.02, 0.50) | 1.00 | <0.0001 | −1.10 (−1.49, −0.70) | <0.0001 |
Model 3 | 5.41 (3.36, 7.47) | 3.55 (1.86, 5.24) | 2.23 (0.73, 3.74) | 2.07 (0.71, 3.42) | 1.00 | <0.0001 | 2.42 (1.65, 3.20) | <0.0001 |
Leg length-to-height ratio | ||||||||
Men | ||||||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 91.0 ± 12.2 | 88.4 ± 12.1 | 87.7 ± 12.3 | 87.1 ± 11.9 | 86.2 ± 11.1 | |||
Model 1 | 1.81 (0.39, 3.23) | 0.89 (−0.52, 2.30) | 0.91 (−0.49, 2.30) | 0.76 (−0.64, 2.15) | 1.00 | 0.020 | 0.52 (0.07, 0.97) | 0.024 |
Model 2 | 1.75 (0.33, 3.17) | 0.90 (−0.50, 2.30) | 0.88 (−0.51, 2.27) | 0.77 (−0.61, 2.16) | 1.00 | 0.022 | 0.50 (0.05, 0.95) | 0.030 |
Women | ||||||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 94.9 ± 13.0 | 92.9 ± 11.7 | 92.3 ± 13.1 | 91.3 ± 12.5 | 90.4 ± 12.7 | |||
Model 1 | 1.91 (0.57, 3.24) | 1.49 (0.21, 2.77) | 1.51 (0.23, 2.80) | 0.57 (−0.71, 1.85) | 1.00 | 0.002 | 0.75 (0.32, 1.17) | 0.0006 |
Model 2 | 1.92 (0.59, 3.26) | 1.45 (0.17, 2.73) | 1.54 (0.26, 2.82) | 0.55 (−0.73, 1.82) | 1.00 | 0.002 | 0.76 (0.33, 1.18) | 0.0005 |
Waist circumference is presented as mean ± standard deviation. Beta-coefficients (β), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values for waist circumference were calculated by linear regression. Model 1 accounted for age (years) and study site (5 categories). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking (current or quit/never), physical activity (MET-hours/week), and energy intake (kcal/d). Model 3 was additionally adjusted for body height (cm).