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. 2019 Jul 26;9:10848. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-47169-6

Table 3.

Multiple-adjusted associations of leg length (cm) and leg length-to-height ratio with waist circumference by sex.

Leg length (cm) β coefficient (95% confidence interval) p trend β per 1 SD decrease (95% CI) p
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5
Leg length (cm)
Men
Waist circumference (cm) 86.6 ± 13.3 87.7 ± 11.3 88.0 ± 12.0 88.3 ± 11.8 89.8 ± 11.5
   Model 1 −3.88 (−5.27, −2.49) −2.96 (−4.35, −1.57) −2.15 (−3.55, −0.76) −1.72 (−3.10, −0.33) 1.00 <0.0001 −1.36 (−1.80, −0.91) <0.0001
   Model 2 −3.87 (−5.25, −2.48) −2.99 (−4.38, −1.61) −2.13 (−3.52, −0.75) −1.73 (−3.11, −0.35) 1.00 <0.0001 −1.35 (−1.79, −0.92) <0.0001
   Model 3 4.05 (1.77, 6.33) 2.42 (0.58, 4.26) 1.79 (0.15, 3.42) 0.84 (−0.64, 2.32) 1.00 0.0003 1.72 (0.89, 2.55) <0.0001
Women
Waist circumference (cm) 91.3 ± 12.6 91.7 ± 11.9 91.8 ± 13.6 93.2 ± 12.3 93.7 ± 12.9
   Model 1 −2.89 (−4.14, −1.64) −2.31 (−3.57, −1.05) −2.10 (−3.38, −0.83) −0.73 (−1.99, 0.53) 1.00 <0.0001 −1.10 (−1.49, −0.70) <0.0001
   Model 2 −2.90 (−4.15, −1.65) −2.31 (−3.57, −1.06) −2.13 (−3.40, −0.86) −0.76 (−2.02, 0.50) 1.00 <0.0001 −1.10 (−1.49, −0.70) <0.0001
   Model 3 5.41 (3.36, 7.47) 3.55 (1.86, 5.24) 2.23 (0.73, 3.74) 2.07 (0.71, 3.42) 1.00 <0.0001 2.42 (1.65, 3.20) <0.0001
Leg length-to-height ratio
Men
Waist circumference (cm) 91.0 ± 12.2 88.4 ± 12.1 87.7 ± 12.3 87.1 ± 11.9 86.2 ± 11.1
   Model 1 1.81 (0.39, 3.23) 0.89 (−0.52, 2.30) 0.91 (−0.49, 2.30) 0.76 (−0.64, 2.15) 1.00 0.020 0.52 (0.07, 0.97) 0.024
   Model 2 1.75 (0.33, 3.17) 0.90 (−0.50, 2.30) 0.88 (−0.51, 2.27) 0.77 (−0.61, 2.16) 1.00 0.022 0.50 (0.05, 0.95) 0.030
Women
Waist circumference (cm) 94.9 ± 13.0 92.9 ± 11.7 92.3 ± 13.1 91.3 ± 12.5 90.4 ± 12.7
   Model 1 1.91 (0.57, 3.24) 1.49 (0.21, 2.77) 1.51 (0.23, 2.80) 0.57 (−0.71, 1.85) 1.00 0.002 0.75 (0.32, 1.17) 0.0006
   Model 2 1.92 (0.59, 3.26) 1.45 (0.17, 2.73) 1.54 (0.26, 2.82) 0.55 (−0.73, 1.82) 1.00 0.002 0.76 (0.33, 1.18) 0.0005

Waist circumference is presented as mean ± standard deviation. Beta-coefficients (β), 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and p-values for waist circumference were calculated by linear regression. Model 1 accounted for age (years) and study site (5 categories). Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking (current or quit/never), physical activity (MET-hours/week), and energy intake (kcal/d). Model 3 was additionally adjusted for body height (cm).