Table 1.
Comparison of maternal and neonatal characteristics and initial BMI.
| Study sample n = 185 (%) | Underweight/normal (Initial BMI < 25 kg/m2) n1 = 134 (%) | Overweight/obesity (Initial BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) n2 = 51 (%) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Maternal age (years) | 28.1 ± 5.8 | 27.5 ± 5.7 | 29.7 ± 5.8 | 0.017* |
| Education | ||||
| 0 years | 11 (5.9) | 7 (5.2) | 4 (7.8) | 0.338 |
| ≤8 years | 41 (22.2) | 33 (24.6) | 8 (15.7) | |
| 9–12 years | 33 (17.8) | 26 (19.4) | 7 (13.7) | |
| >12 years | 100 (54.1) | 68 (50.7) | 32 (2.7) | |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 104 (56.2) | 76 (56.7) | 28 (54.9) | 0.824 |
| ≥1 | 81 (43.8) | 58 (43.3) | 23 (45.1) | |
| GWG (kg) | 17.1 ± 6.2 | 17.5 ± 6.2 | 16.0 ± 6.0 | 0.137 |
| Status of GWG [n (%)] | ||||
| Insufficient | 27 (14.6) | 25 (18.7) | 2 (3.9) | 0.037* |
| Normal | 42 (22.7) | 30 (22.4) | 12(23.5) | |
| Excessive | 116 (62.7) | 79 (59.0) | 37 (72.5) | |
| Smoking | 0.067 | |||
| No | 164 (88.6) | 115 (85.8) | 49 (96.1) | |
| Yes | 21 (11.4) | 19 (14.2) | 2 (3.9) | |
| Hypertension in pregnancy | ||||
| No | 174 (94.1) | 127 (94.8) | 47 (92.2) | 0.499 |
| Yes | 11 (5.9) | 11 (5.2) | 11 (7.8) | |
| Diabetes | 0.021* | |||
| No | 180 (97.3) | 133 (99.3) | 47 (92.2) | |
| Yes | 5 (2.7) | 1 (0.7) | 4 (7.8) | |
| Maternal bioimpedance parameters | ||||
| MUAC (cm) | 29.0[27.0; 32.0] | 28.0[26.0; 30.0] | 30.5[33.0; 35.5] | <0.001* |
| TST (mm) | 18.0[13.0; 23.0] | 15.6[11.0; 21.0] | 24.0[18.5; 29.0] | <0.001* |
| FM (kg) | 22.0[18.0; 28.0] | 20.0[16.0; 23.1] | 32.0[26.0; 38.0] | <0.001* |
| MM (kg) | 46.0[42.0; 50.9] | 44.0[41.0; 48.0] | 51.0[48.0; 54.9] | <0.001* |
| BM (kg) | 2.0[2.0; 3.0] | 2.0[2.0; 2.7] | 3.0[2.9; 3.0] | <0.001* |
| TBW (kg) | 34.0[32.0; 38.0] | 33.0[30.5; 36.0] | 39.0[36.0; 41.8] | <0.001* |
| BMR (kcal) | 1476.0[1387.0; 1644.0] | 1430.0[1363.0; 1541.0] | 1658.0[1568.5; 1776.5] | <0.001* |
| Paraclinical parameters | ||||
| ALAT (u/l) | 11.0[8.0; 16.0] | 11.5[8.0; 16.0] | 11.0[8.0; 16.0] | 0.796 |
| ASAT (u/l) | 22.0[18.0; 30.0] | 23.0[19.0; 31.0] | 22.0[17.0; 27.0] | 0.333 |
| Chol total(mg/dl) | 212.0[194.0; 240.0] | 211.0[194.0; 239.0] | 222.0[196.0; 244.0] | 0.381 |
| HDL-chol (mg/dl) | 59.0[50.0; 69.0] | 59.0[51.0; 69.0] | 60.0[48.0; 69.5] | 0.920 |
| LDL-chol (mg/dl) | 134[113.0; 159.0] | 134.0[113.0; 162.0] | 135.0[114.5; 153.0] | 0.942 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 200[169.0; 239.0] | 191.5[158.0; 237.0] | 223.0[187.0; 257.0] | 0.049* |
| Newborn characteristics | ||||
| BW (kg) | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 0.094 |
| Apgar Score_1min | 10[2; 10] | 10[2; 10] | 10[3; 10] | 0.048* |
| Height (cm) | 53.8 ± 2.6 | 53.8 ± 2.6 | 53.8 ± 2.5 | 0.939 |
| BMI(kg/m2) | 11.7 ± 1.1 | 11.5 ± 1.0 | 12.0 ± 1.2 | 0.003* |
| MUAC (cm) | 11.0[10.0; 12.0] | 10.3[10.0; 11.0] | 11.0[10.0; 12.0] | 0.059 |
| TST (mm) | 3.0[2.0; 3.0] | 3.0[2.0; 3.0] | 3.0[2.2; 3.0] | 0.988 |
| ALAT(u/l) | 9.4[7.4; 12.0] | 9.5[7.4; 11.8] | 8.9[7.3; 12.4] | 0.773 |
| ASAT(u/l) | 29.1[23.9; 36.4] | 29.3[23.7; 36.9] | 28.4[25.2; 34.9] | 0.713 |
| Chol (mg/dl) | 82.1[58.9; 166.0] | 97.4[61.5; 166.6] | 72.7[53.9; 159.8] | 0.148 |
| HDL- chol (mg/dl) | 38.1[25.3; 52.2] | 39.5[27.3; 53.2] | 32.0[24.5; 47.6] | 0.118 |
| LDL - chol (mg/dl) | 41.1[24.0; 99.9] | 49.2[25.6; 99.7] | 32.2[19.4; 97.7] | 0.100 |
| TG (mg/dl) | 51.6[30.7; 129.6] | 52.5[30.7; 132.5] | 47.1[31.5; 122.5] | 0.849 |
Legend: ALAT: alanine aminotransferase, ASAT: aspartate aminotransferase, BM: Bone mass, BMI: Body mass index, BMR: Basal metabolism rate, BW: birth weight, Chol: cholesterol, FM: Fat mass, GWG: gestational weight gain, HDL-chol: high density lipoprotein – cholesterol; LDL-chol: low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; MM: Muscle mass, MUAC: Middle upper arm circumference, n - absolute number, SD - standard deviation, TBW: Total body water, TG: triglycerides, TST: Tricipital skinfold thickness.
Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation [percentile 25%; percentile 75%]; descriptive statistics for Apgar score were presented as median [minimum; maximum]; p-values obtained from Student-t test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney test or Chi-square test; *statistical significance (p < 0.05).