Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants, categorized according to the presence or absence of NAFLD.
| Variable | Men (n = 1,897) | Women (n = 2,206) | ||||
| Without NAFLD (n = 1,565) | With NAFLD (n = 332) | P | Without NAFLD (n = 1,644) | With NAFLD (n = 562) | P | |
| Age (years) | 61.9 ± 8.7 | 59.5 ± 7.8 | < 0.001 | 61.8 ± 9.1 | 62.0 ± 9.0 | 0.623 |
| Weight (kg) | 65.3 ± 8.3 | 78.0 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 | 54.8 ± 6.4 | 65.6 ± 8.1 | <0.001 |
| Height (cm) | 167.3 ± 6.1 | 168.0 ± 6.5 | 0.123 | 154.7 ± 5.9 | 154.0 ± 5.5 | 0.035 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 2.4 | 27.6 ± 2.4 | <0.001 | 22.9 ± 2.3 | 27.6 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.7 ± 15.7 | 125.3 ± 15.3 | 0.017 | 121.5 ± 17.7 | 127.0 ± 17.3 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 76.4 ± 10.0 | 80.3 ± 10.6 | <0.001 | 74.1 ± 9.7 | 76.5 ± 9.9 | <0.001 |
| Smoking habit (%) | 0.215 | 0.753 | ||||
| Never | 17.8 | 19.4 | 94.2 | 93.2 | ||
| Past | 50.9 | 55.3 | 2.8 | 3.4 | ||
| Current | 31.3 | 25.3 | 3.0 | 3.4 | ||
| Resistance exercise (%) | 0.068 | 0.068 | ||||
| None | 66.4 | 73.0 | 84.0 | 88.2 | ||
| Intermittent | 14.2 | 9.6 | 9.2 | 5.9 | ||
| Regular | 19.4 | 17.3 | 6.8 | 5.9 | ||
| Serum total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 187.8 ± 34.6 | 191.5 ± 35.9 | 0.138 | 200.5 ± 35.8 | 195.9 ± 38.2 | 0.039 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | 154.0 ± 121.7 | 196.8 ± 114.8 | <0.001 | 125.2 ± 79.9 | 153.3 ± 75.5 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 104.8 ± 24.9 | 116.2 ± 28.5 | <0.001 | 99.4 ± 21.1 | 112.9 ± 30.1 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.85 ± 0.83 | 6.30 ± 1.10 | <0.001 | 5.79 ± 0.70 | 6.25 ± 0.93 | <0.001 |
| Serum AST (IU/L) | 23.8 ± 10.3 | 27.8 ± 13.0 | <0.001 | 22.5 ± 8.2 | 25.3 ± 13.1 | <0.001 |
| Serum ALT (IU/L) | 20.3 ± 9.8 | 38.9 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 17.2 ± 7.9 | 28.3 ± 17.4 | <0.001 |
| Hepatic steatosis index | 30.4 ± 3.3 | 38.9 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 31.1 ± 2.8 | 39.0 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| Hand grip strength (kg force) | 36.8 ± 7.3 | 38.1 ± 6.9 | 0.009 | 22.7 ± 4.9 | 22.8 ± 4.9 | 0.715 |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise specified. Bold numbers indicate statistically significant values. NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase.