Table 1. Patients’ characteristics of the three cohorts.
| Characteristic | MIMIC cohort N=429 | eICU cohort N=303 | WMU cohort N=222 |
| Age, year | 58 ± 13 | 57 ± 12 | 59 ± 13 |
| Sex, male (%) | 65.0% | 65.3% | 78.4% |
| Ethnicity, (%) | |||
| White | 70.9% | 74.1% | |
| Black | 10.0% | 7.9% | |
| Asians | 1.9% | 1.0% | 100% |
| Others | 17.2% | 17.0% | |
| Cause of cirrhosis, (%) | |||
| Alcoholic | 54.5% | 56.7% | 16.7% |
| Viral infection | 19.8% | 18.6% | 59.1% |
| Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | 22.6% | 19.4% | 21.8% |
| Biliary | 1.4% | 2.3% | 0.1% |
| Autoimmune | 1.7% | 3.0% | 2.3% |
| Causes of ICU admission, (%) | |||
| Infection/sepsis | 73.4% | 42.9% | 67.1% |
| Bleeding | 14.9% | 9.9% | 21.1% |
| Renal failure | 23.3% | 10.9% | 20.6% |
| Respiratory failure | 47.8% | 50.1% | 53.2% |
| Hemodynamic failure | 37.5% | 44.8% | 48.4% |
| Neurological failure | 9.8% | 3.6% | 3.6% |
| ACLF stage, (%) | |||
| No ACLF | 30.3% | 26.1% | 43.2% |
| ACLF stage 1 | 13.5% | 13.9% | 10.4% |
| ACLF stage 2 | 24.5% | 25.4% | 25.7% |
| ACLF stage 3 | 31.7% | 34.6% | 20.7% |
| Lactate (mmol/l), median (IQR) | |||
| Day 1 | 4.1 (2.8–6.7) | 5.3 (3.5–8.2) | 5.6 (3.4–10.2) |
| Day 2 | 2.5 (1.8–4.0) | 2.9 (2.0–5.7) | 3.3 (2.3–5.4) |
| Day 3–7 | 2.3 (1.6–3.7) | 2.9 (1.9–6.2) | 3.4 (2.4–6.0) |
| Δ24Lac, % | 31 (3–56) | 30 (0–57) | 27 (0–52) |
| ΔLac3–7, % | 38 (4–63) | 36 (0–65) | 25 (0–52) |
| Scoring systems, median (IQR) | |||
| LIFE score | 4 (3– 6) | 5 (3–6) | 3 (2–5) |
| MELD score | 25 (19–34) | 21 (14–29) | 19 (13–28) |
| SOFA | 12 (9–14) | 11 (8–14) | 11 (8–13) |
| CLIF-SOFA | 11 (8–14) | 9 (7–12) | 8 (5–11) |
| CLIF-C ACLF score | 55 (48–62) | 58 (51–63) | 50 (42–59) |
| Child-Pugh grade, (%) | |||
| Grade A | 7.9% | 4.3% | 10.4% |
| Grade B | 34.5% | 30.0% | 36.4% |
| Grade C | 57.6% | 65.7% | 43.2% |
| Therapy, (%) | |||
| Vasopressor used | 60.8% | 52.1% | 68.4% |
| Mechanical ventilation | 77.6% | 41.9% | 50.9% |
| Renal replacement therapy | 13.1% | 6.9% | 22.1% |
| Outcome | |||
| Length ICU stay, day | 5 (3–10) | 4 (2–7) | 6 (4–10) |
| In-hospital mortality, (%) | 40.3% | 40.6% | 13.5% |
| All cause 28-day mortality, (%) | 39.9% | NA | 24.8% |
| All cause 90-day mortality, (%) | 49.4% | NA | 30.1% |
| All cause 1-year mortality, (%) | 56.2% | NA | 35.6% |
Note: Δ24Lac: lactate clearance; ACLF: acute-on-chronic liver failure; CLIF-SOFA: chronic liver failure (CLIF)-SOFA; ICU: intensive care unit; LiFe: liver injury and failure evaluation; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment.