Table 2. Baseline characteristics of patients by lactate clearance quartiles (derivation cohort).
| Characteristics | Δ24Lac ≤ 0 N= 103 | Δ24Lac 0 to ≤ 0.3 N= 109 | Δ24Lac 0.3 to ≤ 0.55 N= 105 | Δ24Lac > 0.55 N= 112 | P value* |
| Age (year) | 56.7 ± 10.9 | 57.2 ± 11.4 | 59.1 ± 13.2 | 58.9 ± 14.7 | 0.69 |
| Sex, male (%) | 59 (57.3%) | 73 (67.0%) | 71 (67.6%) | 76 (67.9%) | 0.31 |
| Vital signs, median (IQR) | |||||
| Mean arterial pressure (mmHg) | 70 (65–77) | 72 (66–77) | 76 (69–83) | 78 (71–90) | <0.01 |
| Body temperature (C°) | 36.5 (36.1–37.1) | 36.6 (36.2–37.0) | 36.6 (36.2–37.1) | 37.0 (36.5–37.3) | <0.01 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 90 (77–108) | 93 (83–105) | 90 (81–104) | 94 (82–106) | 0.54 |
| 24-hour urine output (ml) | 710 (314–1265) | 740 (224–1364) | 1055 (547–1607) | 1194 (657–2163) | <0.01 |
| Laboratory parameters, median (IQR) | |||||
| Albumin (mg/dl) | 2.65 (2.23–2.98) | 2.70 (2.18–3.02) | 2.50 (2.00–3.00) | 2.70 (2.35–3.10) | 0.22 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 5.70 (2.58–12.20) | 5.60 (2.60–11.40) | 3.40 (2.10– 5.60) | 4.70 (2.70– 8.25) | <0.01 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.70 (1.00–3.15) | 2.10 (1.20–3.40) | 1.50 (1.10–2.60) | 1.40 (1.00–2.20) | 0.04 |
| INR | 2.15 (1.80–2.70) | 2.20 (1.80–3.10) | 1.90 (1.60–2.50) | 2.10 (1.70–2.60) | 0.05 |
| Hemoglobin, mg/dl | 8.7 (7.6–10.1) | 8.8 (7.5–10.3) | 8.7 (7.6–10.0) | 8.5 (7.5– 9.4) | 0.35 |
| Platelet, 109/L | 75 (53–143) | 68 (50–103) | 76 (51–113) | 68 (51–102) | 0.07 |
| WBC, 109/L | 12.6 (7.2–21.3) | 13.5 (9.0–19.0) | 13.1 (8.5–21.7) | 12.7 (9.6–17.8) | 0.72 |
| Lactate (mmol/l) | |||||
| Day 1 | 3.10 (2.40–6.50) | 3.70 (2.50–5.90) | 3.70 (2.70–4.80) | 5.95 (4.57–8.60) | <0.01 |
| Day 2 | 4.10 (3.25–8.55) | 3.00 (2.20–4.90) | 2.00 (1.60–2.90) | 1.70 (1.30–2.23) | <0.01 |
| Characteristics of cirrhosis (%) | |||||
| Infection | 87 (84.5%) | 88 (80.7%) | 71 (67.6%) | 69 (61.6%) | <0.01 |
| Hepatic encephalopathy | 30 (29.1%) | 30 (27.5%) | 23 (21.9%) | 26 (23.2%) | 0.58 |
| Variceal bleeding | 35 (34.0%) | 30 (27.5%) | 29 (27.6%) | 34 (30.4%) | 0.71 |
| Ascites | 27 (26.2%) | 35 (32.1%) | 31 (29.5%) | 32 (28.6%) | 0.82 |
| Hepatorenal syndrome | 20 (19.4%) | 26 (23.9%) | 17 (16.2%) | 22 (19.6%) | 0.57 |
| Therapy (%) | |||||
| Vasopressor used | 75 (72.8%) | 68 (62.4%) | 65 (61.9%) | 53 (47.3%) | <0.01 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 73 (70.9%) | 80 (73.4%) | 83 (79.0%) | 97 (86.6%) | 0.03 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 16 (15.5%) | 15 (13.8%) | 11 (10.5%) | 14 (12.5%) | 0.74 |
| Scoring systems, median (IQR) | |||||
| LIFE score | 5 (2–5) | 5 (3–5) | 3 (2–5) | 5 (3–6) | <0.01 |
| MELD score | 26 (20–37) | 28 (21–39) | 22 (18–29) | 25 (19–32) | <0.01 |
| SOFA score | 12 (9–16) | 12 (9–15) | 11 (8–13) | 11 (8–14) | 0.02 |
| CLIF-SOFA score | 12 (8–15) | 12 (10–14) | 10 (8–12) | 11 (8–13) | <0.01 |
| CLIF-C ACLF score | 57.0 (48.5–63.0) | 55.8 (49.5–63.8) | 53.0 (47.8–58.8) | 53.2 (46.5–61.3) | 0.04 |
| Child-Pugh (%) | 0.57 | ||||
| Grade A | 4 (3.9%) | 9 (8.3%) | 11 (10.5%) | 10 (8.9%) | |
| Grade B | 36 (35.0%) | 36 (33.0%) | 40 (38.1%) | 36 (32.1%) | |
| Grade C | 63 (61.2%) | 64 (58.7%) | 54 (51.4%) | 66 (58.9%) | |
| ACLF stage (%) | 0.01 | ||||
| No ACLF | 26 (25.2%) | 24 (22.0%) | 45 (42.9%) | 35 (31.2%) | |
| ACLF stage 1 | 12 (11.7%) | 15 (13.8%) | 15 (14.3%) | 16 (14.3%) | |
| ACLF stage 2 | 29 (28.2%) | 22 (20.2%) | 24 (22.9%) | 30 (26.8%) | |
| ACLF stage 3 | 36 (35.0%) | 48 (44.0%) | 21 (20.0%) | 31 (27.7%) | |
| Outcome | |||||
| Length ICU stay (day) | 4.8 (2.7– 9.2) | 6.0 (2.9–11.6) | 5.2 (3.3–10.8) | 5.4 (3.3–10.6) | 0.49 |
| In-hospital mortality (%) | 67 (65.0%) | 56 (51.4%) | 29 (27.6%) | 21 (18.8%) | <0.01 |
| All cause 28-day mortality (%) | 67 (63.81%) | 55 (51.40%) | 28 (26.67%) | 21 (18.75%) | <0.01 |
| All cause 90-day mortality (%) | 71 (67.62%) | 68 (63.55%) | 40 (38.10%) | 33 (29.46%) | <0.01 |
| All cause 1-year mortality (%) | 76 (73.8%) | 75 (68.8%) | 53 (50.5%) | 37 (33.0%) | <0.01 |
Note: INR: international normalized ratio; IQR: interquartile range; WBC: white blood cell count.
* Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables, and Chi-squared test was used for categorical variables.