Table 3. Odds of undergoing caesarean section (CS) for all women according to their place of residence: Urban (n = 415) and rural (n = 935) areas.

	Urban						Rural
	Restricted model			Complete model			Restricted model			Complete model
	OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI		OR	95% CI
Place of delivery (reference = public sector)
Private sector	2.39**	1.21	4.75	1.92	0.91	4.06	0.53	0.16	1.79	0.48	0.14	1.67
Antenatal care visits (reference = 4 to 7 visits)
3 or less	0.87	0.49	1.54	0.99	0.51	1.92	1.24	0.83	1.83	0.73	0.45	1.17
8 visits or more	2.11**	1.38	3.23	2.04**	1.29	3.24				1.20	0.75	1.94
Weight of newborn (reference = 2.5 to 3.5 kg)
Less than 2.5 kg	1.55	0.62	3.88	1.82	0.64	5.19	2.03	0.98	4.20	2.15**	1.01	4.55
Over 3.5 kg	1.77**	1.08	2.89	1.60	0.98	2.63	1.60	0.91	2.80	1.54	0.88	2.71
Maternal age at delivery (reference = 20–34)
15–19	0.45	0.17	1.20	0.56	0.19	1.67	1.59	0.30	1.17	0.69	0.34	1.41
35–49	2.49**	1.37	4.55	2.76**	1.45	5.25	1.98**	1.13	3.45	1.97**	1.10	3.50
Parity (reference = multiparous)
Primiparous	1.30	0.89	1.91	1.30	0.87	1.93	1.55**	1.04	2.32	1.43	0.93	2.20
Women’s education (reference = secondary)
Primary or less				0.94	0.46	1.92				1.17	0.67	2.05
Tertiary				1.36	0.84	2.19				1.24	0.75	2.06
Household wealth quintile (reference = middle)
Poorest				0.91	0.26	3.22				1.03	0.56	1.89
Poor				1.40	0.59	3.31				1.02	0.61	1.72
Rich				1.17	0.59	2.31				0.83	0.47	1.48
Richest				1.99**	1.01	3.95				0.80	0.35	1.79
Ethnicity (reference = Kinh and Hoa)
Ethnic minorities				0.80	0.34	1.89				0.57**	0.34	0.94
Region (reference = North Central)
Mekong River Delta				1.07	0.55	2.05				0.69	0.38	1.22
Red River Delta				0.60	0.31	1.15				0.56	0.31	1.02
Northern Midlands				0.52	0.26	1.07				1.31	0.81	2.12
Central Highlands				0.36**	0.17	0.74				0.65	0.37	1.16
Southeast				0.51**	0.28	0.93				1.00	0.55	1.83

Abbreviations and signs: CS, cesarean section; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval;

**, p ≤ 0.05

Data are from the 2014 Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)