Table 6. Metabolic features of Gulf War illness and chronic fatigue syndrome.
| Metabolic Pathway | Gulf War Illness (males) | Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (males) [31] |
|---|---|---|
| Ceramides and Sphingomyelins | ↑ | ↓ |
| Phospholipids | ↑ | ↓ |
| Cardiolipins | ↓ | ↑ |
| Purines (Xno, Ino, Hx) | ↓ | ↓1 |
| Endocannabinoids | ↓ | ↓ |
| HETEs, eicosanoids | ↓ | ↓ |
| Pyrimidines (Cytidine) | ↑ | Unchanged |
| Valine | ↑ | Unchanged or ↓ |
| Arginine | Unchanged | ↑ |
| Uric acid | Unchanged | ↓ |
| Acyl-carnitines | Unchanged or ↑ | Unchanged or ↓ |
1Although Xno, Ino, and Hx (xanthosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine) were unchanged in males with CFS, two other purines, uric acid and deoxyguanosine, were decreased.