Table 1.
Sample characteristics and psychological needs (N=92).
| Characteristics/psychological needs | Participants | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 54 (13) | |
| Men, n (%) | 38 (41) | |
| Race, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
White | 57 (62) |
|
|
Black/African American | 23 (25) |
|
|
Native American | 10 (11) |
|
|
Asians | 2 (2) |
| Highest completed education, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Elementary | 4 (4) |
|
|
High school or equivalent | 27 (29) |
|
|
Community/technical school | 31 (34) |
|
|
Bachelor’s degree | 19 (21) |
|
|
Graduate degree | 11 (12) |
| Device brand, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Samsung | 44 (48) |
|
|
LG | 19 (20) |
|
|
iPhone | 8 (9) |
|
|
ZTE | 7 (8) |
|
|
Motorola | 6 (6) |
|
|
Other | 8 (9) |
| Mobile phone comfort level, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Very uncomfortable | 23 (25) |
|
|
Neither | 12 (13) |
|
|
Comfortable | 33 (36) |
|
|
Very comfortable | 24 (26) |
| Diabetes types, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Type 1 | 28 (30) |
|
|
Type 2 | 64 (70) |
| HbA1ca % (ranges 5-14), mean (SD) | 8.2 (1.5) | |
| Diabetes duration (years), mean (SD) | 17 (11) | |
| Insulin duration (years), mean (SD) | 12 (12) | |
| Insulin use types, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
Insulin pump | 14 (15) |
|
|
Long- and short-acting injection | 46 (50) |
|
|
Long-acting injection | 28 (30) |
|
|
Short-acting injection | 2 (2) |
|
|
None (stopped use) | 2 (2) |
| Blood glucose testing prescribed per day, mean (SD) | 3.8 (1.8) | |
| Blood glucose testing per day, mean (SD) | 6.2 (1.4) | |
|
|
Daily or less, n (%) | 19 (21) |
|
|
2 times a day, n (%) | 34 (37) |
|
|
4 times a day, n (%) | 21 (23) |
|
|
>4 times a day, n (%) | 18 (19) |
| Overall motivationb, mean (SD) | 2.16 (1.3) | |
| Intrinsic motivation, mean (SD) | 5.43 (0.9) | |
| Extrinsic motivation, mean (SD) | 3.26 (1.2) | |
| Competence, mean (SD) | 5.38 (1.1) | |
| Autonomy, mean (SD) | 3.92 (0.6) | |
| Connectivity with health care provider, mean (SD) | 6.05 (1.2) | |
aHbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
bAlso known as the self-determination index obtained from intrinsic motivation score minus extrinsic motivation score.