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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 26.
Published in final edited form as: J Hum Hypertens. 2003 Sep;17(9):631–639. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001606

Table 4.

Nutrient intake in Japan and Hawaii, average of 4 days of 24-h dietary recalls, INTERLIPID 1997–1998, by gender and age

40–49 years
50–59 years
40–59 years
4 samples in Japan (288) Mean (s.d.) Hawaii (67) Mean (s.d.) 4 samples in Japan (286) Mean (s.d.) Hawaii (69) Mean (s.d.) 4 samples in Japan (574) Mean (s.d.) Hawaii (136) Mean (s.d)

Men
 Energy (kcal/day) 2,295.2 (462.1) 2,516.2 (651.2) P=0.010 2,260.0 (389.9) 2,345.4 (588.0) P=0.254 2,277.6 (427.7) 2,429.6 (623.5) P=0.008
 Protein (g/day) 88.4 (20.8) 106.2 (33.2) P<0.001 90.3 (19.3) 99.7 (27.4) P=0.008 89.3 (20.1) 102.9 (30.4) P<0.001
 Fat (g/day) 62.9 (l8.8) 92.0 (31.0) P<0.001 58.2 (15.9) 85.6 (29.8) P<0.001 60.6 (17.5) 88.8 (30.4) P<0.001
 Saturated fatty acids (g/day) 16.3 (5.7) 27.8 (10.4) P<0.001 14.8 (4.7) 25.0 (9.5) P<0.001 15.6 (5.3) 26.4 (10.0) P<0.001
 Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) 23.2 (7.6) 35.2 (13.1) P<0.001 20.8 (6.4) 32.8 (12.5) P<0.001 22.0 (7.1) 34.0 (12.8) P<0.001
 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) 16.0 (5.1) 21.5 (7.2) P<0.001 15.5 (4.8) 20.7 (7.8) P<0.001 15.8 (5.0) 21.1 (7.5) P<0.001
ω-3 fatty acids (g/day) 3.4 (1.2) 2.4 (0.9) P<0.001 3.4 (1.2) 2.3 (0.9) P<0.001 3.4 (1.2) 2.3 (0.9) P<0.001
ω-6 fatty acids (g/day) 12.6 (4.3) 19.0 (6.5) P<0.001 12.0 (4.0) 18.3 (7.1) P<0.001 12.3 (4.2) 18.6 (6.8) P<0.001
 P/S ratio 1.0 (0.3) 0.8 (0.3) P<0.001 1.1 (0.3) 0.9 (0.3) P<0.001 1.1 (0.3) 0.8 (0.3) P<0.001
 Cholesterol (mg/day) 455.6 (l78.2) 324.5 (147.2) P<0.001 436.0 (171.6) 324.7 (145.9) P<0.001 445.8 (175.1) 324.6 (146.0) P<0.001
 Keys lipid score 29.4 (5.8) 32.4 (8.2) P=0.006 28.0 (6.0) 31.3 (7.7) P=0.001 28.7 (5.9) 31.8 (8.0) P<0.001
 Carbohydrate (g/day) 296.9 (67.7) 300.0 (80.7) P=0.743 292.3 (65.4) 273.9 (75.2) P=0.042 294.6 (66.5) 286.7 (78.8) P=0.282
 Dietary fibre (g/day) 14.8 (4.7) 19.4 (5.9) P<0.001 16.1 (4.8) 19.1 (7.5) P=0.002 15.5 (4.8) 19.3 (6.8) P<0.001
 Na (mg/day) 4,992.1 (1,230.2) 4,617.6 (1,444.9) P=0.053 5,206.9 (1,398.9) 4,300.0 (1,328.4) P<0.001 5,099.1 (1,320.2) 4,456.4 (1,391.0) P<0.001
 K (mg/day) 2,813.0 (723.3) 3,062.7 (956.3) P=0.048 2,978.1 (713.1) 3,073.3 (951.7) P=0.438 2,895.3 (722.4) 3,068.1 (950.4) P=0.048
 Ca (mg/day) 573.9 (209.2) 705.8 (362.7) P=0.005 637.1 (233.7) 603.8 (237.7) P=0.290 605.4 (223.8) 654.1 (308.9) P=0.085
 Mg (mg/day) 283.1 (69.3) 395.6 (146.9) P<0.001 292.7 (67.2) 383.7 (126.6) P<0.001 287.9 (68.4) 389.6 (136.6) P<0.001
 Se (μg/day) 180.8 (70.4) 177.0 (52.8) P=0.684 201.0 (86.7) 177.3 (61.0) P=0.033 190.8 (79.5) 177.2 (56.9) P=0.021
 Fe (mg/day) 11.0 (2.9) 20.5 (6.8) P<0.001 11.8 (3.0) 19.5 (5.7) P<0.001 11.4 (3.0) 20.0 (6.3) P<0.001
 P (mg/day) 1,217.1 (292.9) 1,437.3 (441.5) P<0.001 1,246.6 (276.6) 1,345.9 (384.6) P=0.046 1,231.8 (285.0) 1,390.9 (414.6) P<0.001
 Vitamin C (mg/day) 120.1 (84.5) 128.1 (83.2) P=0.485 131.0 (76.1) 130.6 (86.3) P=0.969 125.6 (80.5) 129.4 (84.5) P=0.621
 Vitamin A (IU/day) 5,882.2 (3,810.1) 9,690.0 (6,892.7) P<0.001 6,494.9 (4,700.1) 9,299.5 (5,751.8) P<0.001 6,187.5 (4,284.0) 9,491.9 (6,319.0) P<0.001
 Retinol (μg/day) 415.8 (665.7) 355.8 (379.1) P=0.325 438.3 (1,084.9) 315.2 (284.2) P=0.351 427.0 (898.6) 335.2 (333.7) P=0.052
β-carotene (μg/day) 2,697.8 (1,894.3) 5,093.2 (4,014.5) P<0.001 3,020.4 (1,931.0) 4,940.7 (3,316.8) P<0.001 2,858.6 (1,917.8) 5,015.8 (3,664.2) P<0.001
40–49 years
50–59 years
40–59 years
4 samples in Japan (291) Mean (s.d.) Hawaii (66) Mean (s.d.) 4 samples in Japan (280) Mean (s.d.) Hawaii (65) Mean (s.d.) 4 samples in Japan (571) Mean (s.d.) Hawaii (131) Mean (s.d)

Women
 Energy (kcal/day) 1,844.6 (323.8) 1,836.1 (418.5) P=0.877 1,750.3 (319.4) 1,745.3 (412.7) P=0.927 1,798.4 (324.8) 1,791.0 (416.6) P=0.850
 Protein (g/day) 72.9 (15.3) 73.2 (18.9) P=0.902 71.1 (15.5) 71.8 (20.0) P=0.792 72.0 (15.4) 72.5 (19.4) P=0.786
 Fat (g/day) 56.8 (15.1) 68.4 (23.8) P<0.001 49.1 (13.4) 63.6 (24.4) P<0.001 53.0 (14.8) 66.0 (24.1) P<0.001
 Saturated fatty acids (g/day) 15.5 (5.1) 20.9 (7.8) P<0.001 13.2 (4.3) 18.6 (7.1) P<0.001 14.4 (4.9) 19.7 (7.5) P<0.001
 Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) 20.9 (6.1) 26.0 (9.9) P<0.001 17.4 (5.4) 23.9 (11.1) P<0.001 19.2 (6.0) 25.0 (10.5) P<0.001
 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) 14.0 (4.0) 16.0 (6.1) P=0.014 12.7 (3.6) 15.9 (6.8) P=0.001 13.4 (3.9) 16.0 (6.4) P<0.001
ω-3 fatty acids (g/day) 2.8 (0.9) 1.8 (0.7) P<0.001 2.7 (0.9) 1.9 (0.9) P<0.001 2.7 (0.9) 1.8 (0.8) P<0.001
ω-6 fatty acids (g/day) 11.2 (3.4) 14.1 (5.5) P<0.001 9.9 (3.1) 14.0 (6.1) P<0.001 10.6 (3.4) 14.0 (5.8) P<0.001
 P/S ratio 1.0 (0.3) 0.8 (0.3) P<0.001 1.0 (0.3) 0.9 (0.4) P=0.022 1.0 (0.3) 0.9 (0.3) P<0.001
 Cholesterol (mg/day) 383.3 (138.8) 242.9 (105.4) P<0.001 333.6 (134.3) 242.6 (130.7) P<0.001 358.9 (138.7) 242.8 (118.2) P<0.001
 Keys lipid score 32.3 (6.6) 33.1 (8.4) P=0.467 29.8 (6.2) 31.1 (10.2) P=0.296 31.1 (6.5) 32.1 (9.4) P=0.212
 Carbohydrate (g/day) 252.2 (50.5) 229.1 (57.0) P=0.001 249.9 (53.6) 217.8 (59.2) P<0.001 251.0 (52.0) 223.5 (58.2) P<0.001
 Dietary fibre (g/day) 15.3 (4.5) 15.2 (5.8) P=0.866 16.3 (5.0) 16.2 (6.0) P=0.857 15.8 (4.8) 15.7 (5.9) P=0.838
 Na (mg/day) 4,222.5 (1,095.2) 3,299.2 (1,142.6) P<0.001 4,177.3 (1,027.9) 3,207.5 (1,022.5) P<0.001 4,200.3 (1,062.0) 3,253.7 (1,081.5) P<0.001
 K (mg/day) 2,623.0 (637.4) 2,325.0 (727.1) P=0.001 2,734.9 (682.0) 2,367.9 (637.3) P<0.001 2,677.9 (661.5) 2,346.3 (681.7) P<0.001
 Ca (mg/day) 586.4 (210.2) 545.9 (209.0) P=0.158 628.1 (225.9) 511.3 (176.6) P<0.001 606.9 (218.8) 528.8 (193.6) P<0.001
 Mg (mg/day) 248.9 (56.0) 278.2 (88.4) P=0.012 251.1 (59.3) 283.6 (88.4) P=0.006 249.9 (57.6) 280.9 (88.1) P<0.001
 Se (μg/day) 150.1 (61.3) 128.2 (42.0) P=0.001 152.2 (65.8) 123.3 (33.3) P<0.001 151.2 (63.5) 125.7 (37.8) P<0.001
 Fe (mg/day) 9.9 (2.4) 15.3 (4.7) P<0.001 10.0 (2.6) 15.1 (4.5) P<0.001 9.9 (2.5) 15.2 (4.6) P<0.001
 P (mg/day) 1,040.8 (243.2) 1,025.0 (248.6) P=0.636 1,032.1 (243.7) 994.0 (233.3) P=0.253 1,036.5 (243.2) 1,009.6 (240.7) P=0.253
 Vitamin C (mg/day) 126.5 (72.1) 101.7 (70.2) P=0.012 137.1 (70.5) 118.1 (72.7) P=0.053 131.7 (71.4) 109.9 (71.7) P=0.002
 Vitamin A (IU/day) 5,901.6 (3,420.3) 7,864.6 (5,206.6) P=0.005 6,570.1 (3,986.0) 9,419.6 (8,039.1) P=0.007 6,229.4 (3,720.3) 8,636.2 (6,780.9) P<0.001
 Retinol (μg/day) 369.8 (501.0) 275.9 (164.4) P=0.009 266.0 (327.4) 300.5 (403.3) P=0.465 318.9 (427.6) 288.1 (306.2) P=0.339
β-carotene (mg/day) 2,801.4 (1,839.0) 4,159.6 (3,084.5) P=0.001 3,410.1 (2,315.3) 5,041.8 (4,871.9) P=0.010 3,099.9 (2,106.5) 4,597.4 (4,079.0) P<0.001

P/S ratio: polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio.