Table 4.
40–49 years |
50–59 years |
40–59 years |
|||||||
4 samples in Japan (288) Mean (s.d.) | Hawaii (67) Mean (s.d.) | 4 samples in Japan (286) Mean (s.d.) | Hawaii (69) Mean (s.d.) | 4 samples in Japan (574) Mean (s.d.) | Hawaii (136) Mean (s.d) | ||||
Men | |||||||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 2,295.2 (462.1) | 2,516.2 (651.2) | P=0.010 | 2,260.0 (389.9) | 2,345.4 (588.0) | P=0.254 | 2,277.6 (427.7) | 2,429.6 (623.5) | P=0.008 |
Protein (g/day) | 88.4 (20.8) | 106.2 (33.2) | P<0.001 | 90.3 (19.3) | 99.7 (27.4) | P=0.008 | 89.3 (20.1) | 102.9 (30.4) | P<0.001 |
Fat (g/day) | 62.9 (l8.8) | 92.0 (31.0) | P<0.001 | 58.2 (15.9) | 85.6 (29.8) | P<0.001 | 60.6 (17.5) | 88.8 (30.4) | P<0.001 |
Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 16.3 (5.7) | 27.8 (10.4) | P<0.001 | 14.8 (4.7) | 25.0 (9.5) | P<0.001 | 15.6 (5.3) | 26.4 (10.0) | P<0.001 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 23.2 (7.6) | 35.2 (13.1) | P<0.001 | 20.8 (6.4) | 32.8 (12.5) | P<0.001 | 22.0 (7.1) | 34.0 (12.8) | P<0.001 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 16.0 (5.1) | 21.5 (7.2) | P<0.001 | 15.5 (4.8) | 20.7 (7.8) | P<0.001 | 15.8 (5.0) | 21.1 (7.5) | P<0.001 |
ω-3 fatty acids (g/day) | 3.4 (1.2) | 2.4 (0.9) | P<0.001 | 3.4 (1.2) | 2.3 (0.9) | P<0.001 | 3.4 (1.2) | 2.3 (0.9) | P<0.001 |
ω-6 fatty acids (g/day) | 12.6 (4.3) | 19.0 (6.5) | P<0.001 | 12.0 (4.0) | 18.3 (7.1) | P<0.001 | 12.3 (4.2) | 18.6 (6.8) | P<0.001 |
P/S ratio | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.3) | P<0.001 | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.3) | P<0.001 | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.3) | P<0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 455.6 (l78.2) | 324.5 (147.2) | P<0.001 | 436.0 (171.6) | 324.7 (145.9) | P<0.001 | 445.8 (175.1) | 324.6 (146.0) | P<0.001 |
Keys lipid score | 29.4 (5.8) | 32.4 (8.2) | P=0.006 | 28.0 (6.0) | 31.3 (7.7) | P=0.001 | 28.7 (5.9) | 31.8 (8.0) | P<0.001 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 296.9 (67.7) | 300.0 (80.7) | P=0.743 | 292.3 (65.4) | 273.9 (75.2) | P=0.042 | 294.6 (66.5) | 286.7 (78.8) | P=0.282 |
Dietary fibre (g/day) | 14.8 (4.7) | 19.4 (5.9) | P<0.001 | 16.1 (4.8) | 19.1 (7.5) | P=0.002 | 15.5 (4.8) | 19.3 (6.8) | P<0.001 |
Na (mg/day) | 4,992.1 (1,230.2) | 4,617.6 (1,444.9) | P=0.053 | 5,206.9 (1,398.9) | 4,300.0 (1,328.4) | P<0.001 | 5,099.1 (1,320.2) | 4,456.4 (1,391.0) | P<0.001 |
K (mg/day) | 2,813.0 (723.3) | 3,062.7 (956.3) | P=0.048 | 2,978.1 (713.1) | 3,073.3 (951.7) | P=0.438 | 2,895.3 (722.4) | 3,068.1 (950.4) | P=0.048 |
Ca (mg/day) | 573.9 (209.2) | 705.8 (362.7) | P=0.005 | 637.1 (233.7) | 603.8 (237.7) | P=0.290 | 605.4 (223.8) | 654.1 (308.9) | P=0.085 |
Mg (mg/day) | 283.1 (69.3) | 395.6 (146.9) | P<0.001 | 292.7 (67.2) | 383.7 (126.6) | P<0.001 | 287.9 (68.4) | 389.6 (136.6) | P<0.001 |
Se (μg/day) | 180.8 (70.4) | 177.0 (52.8) | P=0.684 | 201.0 (86.7) | 177.3 (61.0) | P=0.033 | 190.8 (79.5) | 177.2 (56.9) | P=0.021 |
Fe (mg/day) | 11.0 (2.9) | 20.5 (6.8) | P<0.001 | 11.8 (3.0) | 19.5 (5.7) | P<0.001 | 11.4 (3.0) | 20.0 (6.3) | P<0.001 |
P (mg/day) | 1,217.1 (292.9) | 1,437.3 (441.5) | P<0.001 | 1,246.6 (276.6) | 1,345.9 (384.6) | P=0.046 | 1,231.8 (285.0) | 1,390.9 (414.6) | P<0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 120.1 (84.5) | 128.1 (83.2) | P=0.485 | 131.0 (76.1) | 130.6 (86.3) | P=0.969 | 125.6 (80.5) | 129.4 (84.5) | P=0.621 |
Vitamin A (IU/day) | 5,882.2 (3,810.1) | 9,690.0 (6,892.7) | P<0.001 | 6,494.9 (4,700.1) | 9,299.5 (5,751.8) | P<0.001 | 6,187.5 (4,284.0) | 9,491.9 (6,319.0) | P<0.001 |
Retinol (μg/day) | 415.8 (665.7) | 355.8 (379.1) | P=0.325 | 438.3 (1,084.9) | 315.2 (284.2) | P=0.351 | 427.0 (898.6) | 335.2 (333.7) | P=0.052 |
β-carotene (μg/day) | 2,697.8 (1,894.3) | 5,093.2 (4,014.5) | P<0.001 | 3,020.4 (1,931.0) | 4,940.7 (3,316.8) | P<0.001 | 2,858.6 (1,917.8) | 5,015.8 (3,664.2) | P<0.001 |
40–49 years |
50–59 years |
40–59 years |
|||||||
4 samples in Japan (291) Mean (s.d.) | Hawaii (66) Mean (s.d.) | 4 samples in Japan (280) Mean (s.d.) | Hawaii (65) Mean (s.d.) | 4 samples in Japan (571) Mean (s.d.) | Hawaii (131) Mean (s.d) | ||||
Women | |||||||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 1,844.6 (323.8) | 1,836.1 (418.5) | P=0.877 | 1,750.3 (319.4) | 1,745.3 (412.7) | P=0.927 | 1,798.4 (324.8) | 1,791.0 (416.6) | P=0.850 |
Protein (g/day) | 72.9 (15.3) | 73.2 (18.9) | P=0.902 | 71.1 (15.5) | 71.8 (20.0) | P=0.792 | 72.0 (15.4) | 72.5 (19.4) | P=0.786 |
Fat (g/day) | 56.8 (15.1) | 68.4 (23.8) | P<0.001 | 49.1 (13.4) | 63.6 (24.4) | P<0.001 | 53.0 (14.8) | 66.0 (24.1) | P<0.001 |
Saturated fatty acids (g/day) | 15.5 (5.1) | 20.9 (7.8) | P<0.001 | 13.2 (4.3) | 18.6 (7.1) | P<0.001 | 14.4 (4.9) | 19.7 (7.5) | P<0.001 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 20.9 (6.1) | 26.0 (9.9) | P<0.001 | 17.4 (5.4) | 23.9 (11.1) | P<0.001 | 19.2 (6.0) | 25.0 (10.5) | P<0.001 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g/day) | 14.0 (4.0) | 16.0 (6.1) | P=0.014 | 12.7 (3.6) | 15.9 (6.8) | P=0.001 | 13.4 (3.9) | 16.0 (6.4) | P<0.001 |
ω-3 fatty acids (g/day) | 2.8 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.7) | P<0.001 | 2.7 (0.9) | 1.9 (0.9) | P<0.001 | 2.7 (0.9) | 1.8 (0.8) | P<0.001 |
ω-6 fatty acids (g/day) | 11.2 (3.4) | 14.1 (5.5) | P<0.001 | 9.9 (3.1) | 14.0 (6.1) | P<0.001 | 10.6 (3.4) | 14.0 (5.8) | P<0.001 |
P/S ratio | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.8 (0.3) | P<0.001 | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.4) | P=0.022 | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.3) | P<0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 383.3 (138.8) | 242.9 (105.4) | P<0.001 | 333.6 (134.3) | 242.6 (130.7) | P<0.001 | 358.9 (138.7) | 242.8 (118.2) | P<0.001 |
Keys lipid score | 32.3 (6.6) | 33.1 (8.4) | P=0.467 | 29.8 (6.2) | 31.1 (10.2) | P=0.296 | 31.1 (6.5) | 32.1 (9.4) | P=0.212 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 252.2 (50.5) | 229.1 (57.0) | P=0.001 | 249.9 (53.6) | 217.8 (59.2) | P<0.001 | 251.0 (52.0) | 223.5 (58.2) | P<0.001 |
Dietary fibre (g/day) | 15.3 (4.5) | 15.2 (5.8) | P=0.866 | 16.3 (5.0) | 16.2 (6.0) | P=0.857 | 15.8 (4.8) | 15.7 (5.9) | P=0.838 |
Na (mg/day) | 4,222.5 (1,095.2) | 3,299.2 (1,142.6) | P<0.001 | 4,177.3 (1,027.9) | 3,207.5 (1,022.5) | P<0.001 | 4,200.3 (1,062.0) | 3,253.7 (1,081.5) | P<0.001 |
K (mg/day) | 2,623.0 (637.4) | 2,325.0 (727.1) | P=0.001 | 2,734.9 (682.0) | 2,367.9 (637.3) | P<0.001 | 2,677.9 (661.5) | 2,346.3 (681.7) | P<0.001 |
Ca (mg/day) | 586.4 (210.2) | 545.9 (209.0) | P=0.158 | 628.1 (225.9) | 511.3 (176.6) | P<0.001 | 606.9 (218.8) | 528.8 (193.6) | P<0.001 |
Mg (mg/day) | 248.9 (56.0) | 278.2 (88.4) | P=0.012 | 251.1 (59.3) | 283.6 (88.4) | P=0.006 | 249.9 (57.6) | 280.9 (88.1) | P<0.001 |
Se (μg/day) | 150.1 (61.3) | 128.2 (42.0) | P=0.001 | 152.2 (65.8) | 123.3 (33.3) | P<0.001 | 151.2 (63.5) | 125.7 (37.8) | P<0.001 |
Fe (mg/day) | 9.9 (2.4) | 15.3 (4.7) | P<0.001 | 10.0 (2.6) | 15.1 (4.5) | P<0.001 | 9.9 (2.5) | 15.2 (4.6) | P<0.001 |
P (mg/day) | 1,040.8 (243.2) | 1,025.0 (248.6) | P=0.636 | 1,032.1 (243.7) | 994.0 (233.3) | P=0.253 | 1,036.5 (243.2) | 1,009.6 (240.7) | P=0.253 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 126.5 (72.1) | 101.7 (70.2) | P=0.012 | 137.1 (70.5) | 118.1 (72.7) | P=0.053 | 131.7 (71.4) | 109.9 (71.7) | P=0.002 |
Vitamin A (IU/day) | 5,901.6 (3,420.3) | 7,864.6 (5,206.6) | P=0.005 | 6,570.1 (3,986.0) | 9,419.6 (8,039.1) | P=0.007 | 6,229.4 (3,720.3) | 8,636.2 (6,780.9) | P<0.001 |
Retinol (μg/day) | 369.8 (501.0) | 275.9 (164.4) | P=0.009 | 266.0 (327.4) | 300.5 (403.3) | P=0.465 | 318.9 (427.6) | 288.1 (306.2) | P=0.339 |
β-carotene (mg/day) | 2,801.4 (1,839.0) | 4,159.6 (3,084.5) | P=0.001 | 3,410.1 (2,315.3) | 5,041.8 (4,871.9) | P=0.010 | 3,099.9 (2,106.5) | 4,597.4 (4,079.0) | P<0.001 |
P/S ratio: polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio.