TABLE 2.
Nutrient Intake, Japanese in Japan and Japanese-Americans in Hawaii by Gender
| Variable | Men |
Women |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japan | Hawaii | P* | Japan | Hawaii | P* | |
| Energy, kcal/day | 2280±428 | 2427±613 | 0.003 | 1797±324 | 1765±391 | 0.369 |
| Total protein, %kcal | 15.8±2.3 | 17.2±2.9 | <0.001 | 16.1±2.3 | 16.6±3.0 | 0.091 |
| Animal protein, %kcal | 8.9±2.5 | 11.1±3.2 | <0.001 | 8.8±2.4 | 10.4±3.5 | <0.001 |
| Vegetable protein, %kcal | 6.9±1.1 | 5.9±1.5 | <0.001 | 7.3±1.1 | 6.1±1.8 | <0.001 |
| Total fat, %kcal | 23.7±4.8 | 31.9±6.3 | <0.001 | 26.1±4.9 | 31.9±7.7 | <0.001 |
| SFA, %kcal | 6.1±1.6 | 9.1±2.2 | <0.001 | 7.1±1.8 | 9.4±2.7 | <0.001 |
| MFA, %kcal | 8.6±2.1 | 11.9±2.8 | <0.001 | 9.4±2.2 | 11.7±3.6 | <0.001 |
| PFA, %kcal | 6.2±1.5 | 7.5±1.8 | <0.001 | 6.6±1.4 | 7.5±2.3 | <0.001 |
| PFA/SFA ratio | 1.1±0.3 | 0.9±0.2 | <0.001 | 1.0±0.3 | 0.9±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Omega-3 PFA, %kcal | 1.3±0.4 | 0.9±0.3 | <0.001 | 1.4±0.4 | 0.9±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Omega-6 PFA, %kcal | 4.8±1.3 | 6.8±1.7 | <0.001 | 5.2±1.3 | 6.7±2.1 | <0.001 |
| Total trans fatty acid, %kcal | 0.3±0.2 | 1.5±0.6 | <0.001 | 0.5±0.3 | 1.6±0.7 | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/1000 kcal | 195.7±7.4 | 128.9±49.4 | <0.001 | 198.7±66.7 | 134.0±57.8 | <0.001 |
| Keys dietary lipid score | 28.7±6.0 | 31.2± 7.6 | <0.001 | 31.0±6.5 | 32.2±9.5 | 0.111 |
| Total available carbohydrate, %kcal | 52.2±7.7 | 48.1±7.6 | <0.001 | 56.2±6.4 | 50.9±8.7 | <0.001 |
| Starch, %kcal | 35.4±8.0 | 26.6±5.5 | <0.001 | 35.6±6.5 | 27.6±6.6 | <0.001 |
| Total dietary fiber, g/1000 kcal | 6.9±1.9 | 8.3±2.3 | <0.001 | 8.9±2.3 | 9.1±3.5 | 0.474 |
| Estimated total sugars, %kcal | 13.2±3.8 | 20.1±7.2 | <0.001 | 15.9±4.1 | 21.8±6.5 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol, g/day | 28.0±25.7 | 10.0±15.8 | <0.001 | 4.0±8.3 | 1.4±4.0 | 0.002 |
| Vitamin A, IU/1000 kcal | 2760±1851 | 4079±2772 | <0.001 | 3526±2034 | 5074±4161 | <0.001 |
| Retinol, mcg/1000 kcal | 182.9±361.6 | 133.0±104.0 | 0.171 | 177.2±236.6 | 178.0±244.9 | 0.974 |
| Beta-carotene, mcg/1000 kcal | 1290±877 | 2178±1636 | <0.001 | 1762±1162 | 2684±2499 | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C, mg/1000 kcal | 56.3±36.1 | 58.6±37.0 | 0.564 | 75.3±40.8 | 63.7±37.1 | 0.007 |
| Total vitamin E, mg ATE/1000 kcal | 4.6±1.0 | 4.3±1.2 | 0.012 | 5.3±1.6 | 4.6±1.8 | <0.001 |
| Calcium, mg/1000 kcal | 270.1±91.5 | 277.1±118.9 | 0.502 | 341.2±113.0 | 301.8±111.4 | 0.001 |
| Magnesium, mg/1000 kcal | 128.0±23.4 | 166.7±45.3 | <0.001 | 140.9±25.3 | 161.7±42.6 | <0.001 |
| Iron, mg/1000 kcal | 5.1±1.1 | 8.5±2.0 | <0.001 | 5.6±1.1 | 8.7±2.1 | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus, mg/1000 kcal | 545±89 | 585±118 | <0.001 | 580±97 | 576±95 | 0.680 |
| Selenium, mcg/1000 kcal | 84.7±32.9 | 73.6±15.0 | 0.001 | 84.7±32.2 | 71.1±15.4 | <0.001 |
| Caffeine, mg/1000 kcal | 69.7±50.9 | 108.0±89.8 | <0.001 | 67.6±43.8 | 100.9±94.8 | <0.001 |
Values are means±SD.
SFA indicates saturated fatty acids; MFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; total available carbohydrate, exclusive of dietary fiber; estimated total sugars, total available carbohydrate minus starch; ATE, alpha-tocopherol equivalents.
*
P values for Japan vs Hawaii by t test.