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. 2019 Jul 3;8:e46113. doi: 10.7554/eLife.46113

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© 2019, de Oliveira et al

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

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Figure 4. — (A) Simplified phylogeny of Metazoa with Porifera as the most basally branching clade (adapted from Dunn et al., 2014) showing the origin of the trunk/PTTH, eclosion-hormone (EH), bursicon, crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) and ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) peptigergic systems. (B) Distribution of the arthropod peptigerdic system components within Panarthropoda. Secondary losses are depicted by the red crosses followed by the name of the peptide system absent in the lineage. Note that ETH and bursicon, two vital components underlying moulting in insects, were possibly secondarily lost in the Onychophora and Tardigrada (indicated by the red cross), respectively. Genomic and transcriptomic homology searches within the Kinorhyncha, Priapulida and Loricifera (condensed into the clade Scalidophora in Figure 1B) were not performed in this study (indicated by the question mark). Animal silhouettes were obtained under Public Domain licence at phylopic (http://phylopic.org/), unless otherwise indicated. Arthropoda: T. Michael Keesey after Ponomarenko (available for reuse under https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); Onychophora: Noah Schlottman, photo by Adam G. Clause (available for reuse under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/); Tardigrada: Fernando Carezzano (available for reuse under https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/); Nematoida: Mali'o Kodis, image from the Smithsonian Institution (available for reuse under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/); Scalidophora: Noah Schlottman, photo by Martin V. Sørensen (available for reuse under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/).