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. 2019 Jul 11;10:1561. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01561

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Copyright © 2019 Gorgulho, Romagnoli, Bharthi and Lotze.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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HMGB1 exerts differential roles in homeostasis and chronic inflammation. As shown in blue, HMGB1 is predominantly located in the nucleus of cells in the setting of homeostasis, where it promotes nucleosomal stability and facilitates access of transcriptional factors to DNA. In chronic inflammation (green), HMGB1 leaves the nucleus to drive autophagy in the cytoplasm and act as a DAMP in the extracellular milieu. Shown above are the relative proportion of HMGB1 in individual compartments during homeostasis and chronic inflammation. N, nucleus; C, cytoplasm; E, extracellular.