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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2019 Apr 22;23(6):461–472. doi: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1608950

Table 1.

Selected PSC models.

Research model Background/source Inflammation (ALP/ALT/AST) Ductular reaction Liver fibrosis References
BDL Various Yes Yes Yes [15, 16]
DDC Various Yes Yes Yes [18]
TAA Various Yes Yes Yes [23]
CCl4 Various Yes Yes Yes [24, 25, 26]
Mdr2−/− mice FVB/NJ mice Yes Yes Yes [28, 29]
Cftr−/− mice C57BL/6J mice Yes Yes Yes [35, 36]
CDH1ΔL mice C57BL/6J mice Yes Unknown Yes [38]
Vil2kd/kd mice Unknown Yes Yes Yes [48]
Primary PSC cholangiocytes Humans N/A N/A N/A [51, 52]

ALP = alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; AST = aspartate aminotransferase; BDL=bile duct ligation; CCl4 = carbon tetrachloride; DDC=3,5-deithoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine; TAA=thioacetamide; PSC = primary sclerosing cholangitis.