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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Investig Med. 2019 Mar 2;67(6):987–994. doi: 10.1136/jim-2018-000966

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of study participants at DHS-1 in the entire cohort according to serum magnesium quintiles (mg/dL)

Characteristics Entire cohort n = 2056 Q1 ≤1.9 n=460 Q2 2.0 n=440 Q3 2.1 n=483 Q4 2.2 n=403 Q5 ≥2.3 n=270 P trend
Demographics
 Age, years 44.2±10.0 42.9±10.3 43.4±9.7 43.9±9.6 45.1±10.2 46.5±9.8 <0.001
 Gender (male), % 41.9 26.5 41.6 42.2 51.6 53.7 <0.001
 Race, % <0.001*
 Hispanic 14.0 11.3 13.4 15.1 15.1 15.9
 Non-Hispanic black 48.9 65.9 53.0 45.8 37.7 35.6
 Non-Hispanic white 35.1 22.0 33.2 35.2 44.9 45.6
 BMI, kg/m2 30.5±7.5 31.8±8.5 30.5±7.3 30.4±7.8 30.0±6.7 29.1±6.0 <0.001
Comorbidities
 Prevalent diabetes, % 9.1 18.5 8.9 5.4 7.0 3.3 <0.001
 Prevalent hypertension, % 37.2 42.8 34.8 34.2 34.2 41.1 0.27
 SBP, mm Hg 126.8±17.8 127.2±18.0 125.9±17.6 126.1±17.2 127.4±19.2 128.1±17.1 0.45
 DBP, mm Hg 79.0±9.9 79.0±9.6 78.9±10.1 78.6±9.4 79.0±10.7 79.9±9.8 0.66
 Current smoker, % 25.8 27.5 28.7 25.1 23.6 23.0 0.009*
 Current alcohol user, % 71.4 66.7 72.7 72.5 74.4 71.0 0.12*
Medications
Diuretics, % 9.1 12.2 6.4 8.7 8.7 9.3 0.32
ACEI, % 17.5 22.8 17.0 16.8 15.1 14.1 0.001
ARB, % 9.5 11.1 8.6 8.5 9.4 10.4 0.73
Dietary supplements, % 23.7 18.7 23.0 23.4 28.5 26.7 0.001
Laboratory values
Magnesium, mg/dL 2.1±0.2 1.8±0.1 2.0±0.0 2.1±0.0 2.2±0.0 2.4±0.1
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 99.9±20.7 105.5±22.4 101.1±20.0 98.7±19.8 97.7±21.0 93.8±17.7 <0.001
 ΔeGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 per year −0.7 (−2.4, 0.7) −1.1 (−3.1,0.5) −0.8 (−2.5, 0.7) −0.6 (−2.2, 0.9) −0.6 (−2.2, 0.6) −0.5 (−2.0, 1.0) <0.001
 Urine ACR, mg/g 2.7(1.8, 4.5) 2.9(1.9, 4.9) 2.8 (1.8, 4.9) 2.6 (1.7, 4.6) 2.7(1.8, 4.1) 2.5(1.8, 3.9) 0.009
 Albumin, g/dL 4.0±0.3 3.8±0.3 4.0±0.3 4.0±0.3 4.1±0.3 4.1±0.3 <0.001
 Glucose, mg/dL 100.5±37.9 113.2±60.6 99.9±37.8 96.0±23.0 96.9±23.1 93.2±16.7 0.08
 Calcium, mg/dL 9.2±0.4 9.2±0.4 9.2±0.4 9.2±0.4 9.3±0.3 9.3±0.4 <0.001
 Phosphate, mg/dL 3.2±0.6 3.2±0.6 3.2±0.5 3.2±0.5 3.2±0.6 3.2±0.7 0.32
 Sodium, mEq/L 137.7±2.4 136.9±2.4 137.6±2.3 137.7±2.3 138.2±2.4 138.3±2.5 <0.001
 Potassium, mEq/L 4.3±1.7 4.2±1.6 4.4±1.4 4.3±1.8 4.2±2.1 4.5±1.6 <0.001
 Bicarbonate, mEq/L 27.2±2.2 26.8±2.2 27.1±2.1 27.1±2.2 27.5±2.1 27.7±2.3 <0.001
 iPTH, pg/mL 37.2(28.3, 49.9) 35.8 (26.1,49.1) 38.0 (28.7, 48.6) 37.2(28.7, 50.2) 37.1 (29.1, 51.1) 38.2(29.2, 52.1) 0.01
 Total cholesterol, mg/dL 180.6±37.8 172.9±38.3 181.4±36.6 181.2±37.1 181.3±36.8 190.6±38.8 <0.001
 HDL, mg/dL 50.4±14.6 52.1±15.5 51.1±14.5 50.6±14.5 48.1±13.7 49.5±14.6 0.001
 CRP, mg/L 2.7 (1.1,6.4) 3.2 (1.0, 8.4) 2.7 (1.1,6.6) 2.7 (1.2, 6.7) 2.2 (0.9, 5.3) 2.5 (1.1,4.9) <0.001
*

χ2 Data are presented as mean±SD, median (25th, 75th percentile) or per cent for categorical variables.

eGFR was calculated according to the MDRD study equation. Microalbuminuria was calculated as ACR. Dietary supplements consisted of any combination or single treatment with Mg, calcium, active vitamin D and/or multivitamins. Conversion factors for units: phosphate in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.3229; calcium in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.2495; cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.02586; HDL in mg/dL to mmol/L, ×0.0258.

ACEI, ACE inhibitors; ACR, microalbumin/creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CRP, C reactive protein; DHS, Dallas Heart Study; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone.